Chapter 3

Methods, Class and Object

• Prepared by :
• Puan Robiah Hamzah
Objectives

• Create methods with no arguments, a single argument,

and multiple arguments
• Create methods that return values
• Learn about class concepts
• Create a class
• Create instance methods in a class
• Declare objects and use their methods
• Understand how to use constructors,mutator and
accessor
• This references
Introduction to a Method
 Method is a functionality to perform an operation.
 All methods, void or non-void methods can have parameter.
 Parameter is a variable or value that is received from the calling
statement.
 Argument is a variable or value that is passed to the method header
 Introducing Methods

A method is a collection of statements that are

grouped together to perform an operation.
Define a method Invoke a method

modifier return value type method name formal parameters

method
public static int max(int num1, int num2) { int z = max(x, y);
header

int result;
method actual parameters
body parameter list (arguments)
if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
else
result = num2;
return value
return result;
}
Placement of Methods within a
Class
PURPOSE FOR USING METHOD
• Work on one method can focus the action until you feel it efficient
• Different person can use different method
• Reusable
• Can enhance the program readability because method reduces
complexity.
First Class with main() Calling
nameAndAddress()
 Calling Methods
This program demonstrates calling a method max
to return the largest of the int values
pass the value of i
pass the value of j

public static void main(String[] args) { public static int max(int num1, int num2) {
int i = 5; int result;
int j = 2;
int k = max(i, j); if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
System.out.println( else
"The maximum between " + i + result = num2;
" and " + j + " is " + k);
} return result;
}
Types of method
• Predefined method
– Math.h
– Character-toString()
– charAt(0)
• User defined method
– one class
– Multiple classes- must create object object instance.
Predefined Classes
• Methods already written and provided by Java
• Organized as a collection of classes (class libraries)
• To use: import package
• Method type: data type of value returned by method

10
Predefined Classes (continued)

11
 User-Defined Methods
• Value-returning methods
– Used in expressions
– Calculate and return a value
– Can save value for later calculation or print value
• modifiers: public, private, protected, static, abstract, final
• returnType: type of the value that the method calculates and returns (using
return statement)
• methodName: Java identifier; name of method

12
Creating Methods that Return
Values
• Return type can be any type used in Java
– Primitive types
– Class types
– void
• Returns nothing
• Method’s type
• return statement
– Causes value to be sent from called method back to calling method
User Defined Method
• There are two types of method
– Void Method
• Defined as non returnable method. It will not return anything to
the calling statement. It will have void keyword in the method
header
• Eg: public void Calculate( )
{
}
– Non-Void Method
• Defined as returnable method. It will return a value to the calling
statement. Consist of one return statement. It will have the data
types keyword in the method header.
• Eg: public int Calculate ( )
{
return 23;
}
The predictRaise() Method
The predictRaise() Method
Returning a double
 Programming Example: Largest
Number (in single class)
• Input: set of 10 numbers
• Output: largest of 10 numbers
• Solution
– Get numbers one at a time
– Method largest number: returns the larger of 2 numbers
– For loop: calls method largest number on each number received and
compares to current largest number

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 17

 Solution: Largest Number.java
static Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);

public static void main(String[] args)

{
double num;
double max;
int count;
System.out.println("Enter 10 numbers.");
num = console.nextDouble();
max = num;
for (count = 1; count < 10; count++)
{
num = console.nextDouble();
max = larger(max, num);
}
System.out.println("The largest number is " + max);
}
public static double larger(double x,double y)
{
if (x>=y)
return x;
else
return y;
}
}
18
Sample Run: Largest Number

• Sample Run:
Enter 10 numbers:
10.5 56.34 73.3 42 22 67 88.55 26 62 11
The largest number is 88.55

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 19

Learning About Class Concepts
• Every object is a member of more general class
• Is-a relationships
– Object “is a” member of class
• Instantiation
• Reusability
Learning About Class Concepts
(continued)
• Methods often called upon to return piece of information to source of
request
• Class client or class user
– Application or class that instantiates objects of another prewritten
class
Declaring Objects and Using
Their Methods
• Declaring class does not create any actual objects
• Create instance of class
– Supply type and identifier
– Allocate computer memory for object
– Use new operator
Employee someEmployee;
someEmployee = new Employee();
– Or
Employee someEmployee = new Employee();
Declaring Objects and Using
Their Methods (continued)
• After object instantiated
– Methods accessed using:
• Object’s identifier
• Dot
• Method call

• Example
– myEmployee .InfoDetail();
Class Diagram for Bicycle

Bicycle

Bicycle( )
Method Listing
getOwnerName( ) We list the name and the
data type of an argument
passed to the method.
setOwnerName(String)
Multiple Instances
• Once the Bicycle class is defined, we can create multiple
instances.

Bicycle bike1, bike2;

bike1 = new Bicycle( );
bike1.setOwnerName("Adam Smith");

bike2 = new Bicycle( );

bike2.setOwnerName("Ben Jones");
The Definition of the Bicycle Class
class Bicycle {
// Data Member
private String ownerName;
//Constructor: Initialzes the data member
public void Bicycle( ) {
ownerName = "Unknown";
}
//Returns the name of this bicycle's owner
public String getOwnerName( ) {
return ownerName;
}
//Assigns the name of this bicycle's owner
public void setOwnerName(String name) {
ownerName = name;
}
}
First Example: Using the Bicycle
Class
class BicycleTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Bicycle bike1, bike2;// declare variable of type bicycle
String owner1, owner2;

bike1 = new Bicycle( ); //Create and assign values to bike1

bike1.setOwnerName("Adam Smith");

bike2 = new Bicycle( ); //Create and assign values to bike2

bike2.setOwnerName("Ben Jones");

owner1 = bike1.getOwnerName( ); //Output the information

owner2 = bike2.getOwnerName( );

System.out.println(owner1 + " owns a bicycle.");

System.out.println(owner2 + " also owns a bicycle.");
}
}
The Program Structure and Source
Files
BicycleTest Bicycle

There are two source files.

Each class definition is
stored in a separate file.
BicycleTest.java Bicycle.java

To run the program: 1. javac Bicycle.java (compile)

2. javac BicycleTest.java (compile)
3. java BicycleTest (run)
 User Defined Method
• Multiple classes
• Ceate an object instance
• In single class • RoomTypeTest.java
• public class RoomTypeTest
• First.java • {
• public static void main (String [] args)
• {
• RoomType roomOne; // declare the class
• roomOne = new RoomType()//create object
• roomOne.Info();

• RoomType.java
• public class RoomType
• {
• // data declaration
• double length;
• double width;
• }
• public void info(){
• System.out.println(“ the hotel name is A++”);
• }
Method without parameter
:: Example ::

class Employee
{
public void CalSalary ( ) No parameter received
{
//…statements…
}
}

class EmployeeTest
{
public static void main (String[ ] args)
{

Employee myEmployee = new Employee( );

myEmployee.CalSalary ( ); No argument passed

}
}
Method with parameter
:: Example ::

class Employee
{
public void CalSalary (int basic) //…statements… 1 parameter received
{ as integer

}
}

class EmployeeTest
{
public static void main(String[ ] args)
{
Employee myEmployee = new Employee( );
myEmployee.CalSalary ( 4000); 1 integer argument passed
}
}
 Method with parameter
:: Example ::

class Employee
{
public void CalSalary (int basic, double rate) 2 parameters received
{ integer and double
//…statements…
}
}

class EmployeeTest
{
public static void main (String[ ] args)
{
Employee myEmployee = new Employee( );
myEmployee.CalSalary( 4000, 1.7); 2 arguments passed
integer and double
}
}

• NOTE: Argument is passed by location and with correspondence data type to the receiving
parameter
Method with parameter
:: Example ::

class Employee
{
public void CalSalary (int Basic, double Rate) 2 parameters received
{ integer and double
//…statements…
}
}

class EmployeeTest
{
public static void main (String[ ] args)
{
Employee myEmployee = new Employee( );
int Pay = 4000;
double PayRate= 1.7;
myEmployee.CalSalary (Pay, PayRate); 2 arguments passed
integer and double
}
}
 ::Example::
Non-void method without parameter
import java.util.*;
class Number
class NumberTest
{ {
public int output; public static void main (String[ ]args)
{
public int CheckNumber( ) Number myNum = new Number();
{
int num; int result = myNum.CheckNumber();
Scanner sc = new System.out.println(“ The answer
Scanner(System.in); is” + result);
System.out.println(“Enter an }
integer”); }
num = sc.nextInt();
if (num >0)
output=1;
else
if (num < 0)
output= -1;
return output;
}
 ::Example::
Non-void method with parameter

import java.util.*;
class Number
{ class NumberTest{
public int output;
public static void main(String[ ] args)
public int CheckNumber(int {
num) Scanner s= new Scanner(System.in);
Number myNum=new Number();
{ int num;
if (num >0)
output=1; System.out.println(“Enter an integer”);
else num = s.nextInt();
int result = myNum.CheckNumber( num);
if (num < 0)
System.out.println(“ The answer
output= -1; is”+result);
return output; }
} }
}
 Example of void Method
Method declaration:
class Vehicle
{
public void DisplayMessage( ) //void method header
{
System.out.println(“Hello, welcome to Vehicle class”);
}
}
Invocation/Calling statement:
Hello, welcome to Vehicle class

class VehicleTest
{
public static void main(String[ ] args)
{
Vechicle myVehicle = new Vehicle( );// declare and
create object
myVehicle.DisplayMessage( ); //invocation or method call

}
}
 Example of Non-void Method
Method declaration:

class Vehicle
{
public int DisplayMessage( ) //non-void method header
{
System.out.println(“Hello, welcome to Vehicle class”);
return 123;
}
}
Hello, welcome to Vehicle class
Invocation/Calling statement:
The output is 123
class VehicleTest
{
public static void main(String[ ] args)
{
Vechicle myVehicle = new Vehicle( );
int result = myVehicle.DisplayMessage( );/invocation
or method call
System.out.println(“ The output is ”+ result);
}
::Check point::
• Create a method header and an invocation statement for the following:
1. In Class Employee, create public method named CalSalary that will
not return anything to the calling statement.
2. In Class Transportation, create a public method named AirTransport,
that will return an integer data type value to the calling statement.
3. In Class Festival, create a public method named EidFitri that will
return a string data type value to the calling statement.
Summary
• Method
– Series of statements that carry out a task
– Declaration includes argument type and local name for argument
– Can pass multiple arguments to methods
– Has return type
• Class objects
– Have attributes and methods associated with them
• Instantiate objects that are members of class