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Data Collection

The document discusses different types of data including primary and secondary data. It describes methods for collecting primary data such as observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It also discusses advantages and reliability of secondary data, as well as case study methods.

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Amrendra Shahi
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48 views

Data Collection

The document discusses different types of data including primary and secondary data. It describes methods for collecting primary data such as observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It also discusses advantages and reliability of secondary data, as well as case study methods.

Uploaded by

Amrendra Shahi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Types Of Data

Content
 Data Collection

 Primary Data

 Methods of Collecting Primary Data

 Secondary Data

 Reliability Of Secondary Data

 Advantages Of Secondary Data

 Case Study Method


Data Collection

 Data Collection is the systematic approach to gathering and


measuring information from a variety of sources to get a complete
and accurate picture of an area of interest. Data collection enables
a person of organization to answer relevant questions, evaluate
outcomes.

 It is the process by which the researcher collects the information


needed to answer the research problem.
Primary and Secondary Data

 PRIMARY DATA :
Are those which are collected as fresh and for the first time and thus
happen to be original in character.

 SECONDARY DATA :
Are those which have been collected by someone else and which
have already been passed through the statistical process.
Methods of Collecting Primary Data

Observation :
 Observation Method
 Interview Method
1) Direct Personal Investigation
2) Telephone Calls
 Indirect Oral Investigation
 Information From Correspondents
Survey:
 Questionnaire Method
 Schedule Method
Observation Method

 It involves recording the behavioural pattern of people, object and


event in a systematic manner to obtain information about the
phenomenon of interest.
 Under the observation method, the information is sought by way of
investigator’s own direct observation without asking from the
respondent.
 For example, in a study relating to consumer behaviour , the
investigator instead of asking the brand of the wrist watch used by
the respondent, may himself look at the watch.
Types of Observation

 Participant
 Non- Participant
 Disguised
 Mechanical

Limitations
 Lack of Control
 Costly
 Limited Information
Interview Method

 Direct Personal Interview


In this method, data are collected personally by the investigator. There is a
face-to-face contact with the persons from whom the information is to be
obtained. Data are collected by asking questions relating to the enquiry to
the informants.

Merits: Demerits:
 Originality Not proper for wide areas
 Accuracy Personal bias
 Reliable Costly
 Telephone Interviews :
This method of collecting information consists in contacting respondents on
telephone itself. It is not a very widely used method, but plays important part in
industrial surveys, particularly in developed regions.
Merits:
 More flexible in comparison to mailing method.
 Faster than other methods.
 Cheaper than personal interviewing method.
 Higher rate of response than mailing method.

Demerits:
 Less time ; mostly interview period is not likely to exceed five minutes.
 Possibility of the biasness of the interviewer is more.
 Questions have to be short and to the point.
Indirect Oral Investigation
Here, the investigator obtains the information not from those persons for
whom the information is needed. Information is collected orally from other
persons who are expected to possess the necessary information. These
other persons are known as witness.

Information From Correspondents


The Investigator appoints local person or correspondents in different
places to collect information. These correspondents collect the
information in their own way and send the same to the investigator where
he processed the data.
Questionnaire Method
A list of questions relating to the survey is prepared and sent to the
informants by post or mail or been given at the time of service. A
covering letter is addressed to the informant explaining the object of
survey and making a request to fill up the questionnaire and send it
back within a specified time.
It consists two types of questions:
Close Ended Questions:
 Multiple choice questions
 Simple Alternative Questions
Example: Are you graduate? - Yes/No
Open Ended Questions:
 Ask about the views of the respondent related to specific issues.
 Example: Views on climate?
Schedule Method

A questionnaire is prepared as per the purpose of enquiry. The


enumerator(research worker) himself approaches the informant
with the questionnaire. The questionnaire which are filled by the
enumerator themselves by putting questions are called
schedules.

Merits : Demerits :
 Accuracy Time consuming
 Complete investigation Expensive
Difference between Questionnaire and
Schedule
 The questionnaire is generally sent through mail or post whereas the schedule is generally
filled out by the research worker who can interpret questions when necessary.
 Non-response is usually high in case of questionnaire as many people do not respond
whereas non-response is very low in case of schedules as they are filled by enumerator.
 In case of questionnaire it is not always clear as to who replies, but in case of schedule the
identity of respondent is known.
 Questionnaire method can be used only when the respondents are literate and
cooperative but in case of schedule information can be gathered even when the
respondents are illiterate.
 Along with schedules, observation method can also be used but such a thing is not possible
while collecting the data through questionnaire method.
Secondary Data
Secondary Data means data that are already available i.e., they refer to
the data which have already been collected and analysed by someone
else. When the researcher utilises secondary data, then he has to look into
various sources from where he can obtain them. In this case he is certainly
not confronted with the problems that are usually associated with the
collection of original data.
The Secondary Data can be collected from two sources :

 Published data

 Unpublished Data
Published Data
Usually Published Data are available in :

 Various Publications of Foreign Governments or of International Bodies


like UNO, World Bank, WTO etc.
 Various Publications of Central, State or Local Governments
 Technical and Trade Journals
 Books, Magazines and Newspapers
 Reports and Publications of Various Associations connected with Business
and Industry, Banks, Stock Exchange etc.
 Research prepared by research scholars, universities, economist, etc. in
different fields
Unpublished Data

There are certain records maintained properly by the


government, agencies, private offices and firms.
These Data are not published.
Reliability of Secondary Data
Questions to Ask When Evaluating Secondary Data:

 Who collected the data ?


 What was the researcher’s purpose in collecting the data ?
 When was the data collected ?
 How was the data collected ?
 What type of data was collected ?
 Whether the data is consistent with data from other sources ?
Advantages of Secondary Data
 It is economical. It saves efforts and expenses.
 It is time saving.
 It helps to make primary data collection more specific since with the
help of secondary data.
 It provides a basis for comparison for the data is collected by the
researcher.
 Longitudinal data at this scale is extremely powerful. The
government could have been collecting data on the same sample
for long period of time.
 Instead of investing that time, by using the government’s publically
available data to perform secondary data analysis, the researcher
has avoided years of intensive labor.
Case Study Method
 It involves a careful and complete observation of a social unit, be that
unit a person, a family, a cultural group, entire community or a
situation.
 Under this method the approach happens to be qualitative and not
quantitative.
 Under this method the behaviour pattern of the concerning unit is
studied.
 Every possible effort is made to collect information concerning all
aspects of life as case study deepens our perception and gives us a
clear sight into life.
 For example, when we are making a case study of man as a criminal,
we do not only study how many crimes that man has done but shall
deeply look into the factors that forced him to commit crimes.
Presented by
 Shivanshi Trivedi
 Amrendra Shahi
 Manish Tripathi

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