Diploma in Sugar Cane Productivity
and Maturity Management
Sugar Technology (Theory)
Max. Marks - 100
What is Sugar ?
Sugar is a carbohydrate and it is present in
fruits, vegetables, sugarcane and sugar
beet plants. Generally Sucrose is manufactured in sugar
factories by sugar cane in India. Sugar is a source of
energy for human being. The formula of Sucrose is
C₁₂H₂₂O ₁₁ and molecular weight is 342. The melting point
of Sucrose is 186 °C.
Sugar Factory ?
Sugar
Factory
Sugar
By - Products
Press Mud Bagasse Final Molasses
Process Flow Diagram for Plantation White Sugar
Cane Milling Bagasse Boiler
Mixed Juice (PH 5.2 - 5.3) Steam
Juice Heating –I ( 700C ) Steam Turbine
Lime &
SO2 gas Juice Sulphiter ( PH – 7.1 )
Exhaust Steam Power
Juice Heating -II ( 102-1030C )
Clarifier
Retention time 2-3 hrs
Muddy Juice Clear Juice PH 7.0
Evaporator Set
Vacuum Filter
SO2 Gas Syrup Brix - 60
Filtered Juice
Syrup Sulphiter (pH 5.0)
Mix Juice
Tank
Mud Pan Boiling Syrup Storage Tank
Process Flow Diagram for Plantation White Sugar
Syrup
A-Massecuite B-Massecuite C-Massecuite
Centrifugals Centrifugals
Centrifugals
AL AH B BH
Molasses Molasses Sugar Molasses C-I
Sugar FM
Sugar
Centrifugals
MELTER Final
Molasses
Tank
C-II CL
Sugar Molasses
Melt
Sugar Factory Capacities…
Operational sugar mills – 526 operational in India
Private & Public –309 units
Cooperative – 217 units
Average crushing capacity - 4000 TCD (tons per day) per
unit
Plant capacities in India
• <1250 TCD 3%
• 1250 TCD 10 %
• 1250 - <2500 TCD 9%
• 2500 TCD 35 %
• 2500 - < 5000 TCD 17 %
• 5000 TCD 7%
• 5000-1000 TCD 14 %
• >1000 TCD 5%
Sugar Factory Product & By-Product Quantity…
Sugar Cane
1000 Kg
Sugar Bagasse Molasses Press Mud
100 Kg 300 Kg 45 Kg 40 Kg
(10 % Cane) (30 % cane) (4.5 % cane) (4 % cane)
Types of Sugars…
All sugar is made by juice of sugar cane or sugar beet.
Different types of sugar can be produced by slight adjustments in the process of clarification,
crystallizing and drying of sugar.
Different types of sugar can be produced by varying the level of molasses in sugar.
Different types of sugar can be produced by different sizes of sugar crystals. Sugars of various
crystal sizes provide unique functional characteristics that make the sugar suitable for different
foods and beverages.
Different types of sugar can be produced by variation in sugar colour. Sugar colour is primarily
determined by the amount of molasses remaining on or added to the crystals, giving pleasurable
flavors and altering moisture.
1. White Sugar 2. Raw Sugar 3. Refined Sugar 4. Cube Sugar
Types of Sugars…
5. Icing Sugar 6. Demerara Sugar 7. Liquid Sugar
8. Khandsaari Sugar 9. Palm Jaggery 10. Organic Sugar
Sugar
Pol % Cane…
