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Memory

Memory is the process of storing and recalling past experiences. It involves encoding information, storing it, and retrieving it when needed. There are several theories that describe how memory works, such as information processing theory and levels of processing theory. Memory is influenced by both intrinsic factors like age and extrinsic factors like environment. It can be impaired by conditions like amnesia or brain damage. Overall, memory is essential for learning and recalling important information.

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Sujatha Aluguri
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109 views

Memory

Memory is the process of storing and recalling past experiences. It involves encoding information, storing it, and retrieving it when needed. There are several theories that describe how memory works, such as information processing theory and levels of processing theory. Memory is influenced by both intrinsic factors like age and extrinsic factors like environment. It can be impaired by conditions like amnesia or brain damage. Overall, memory is essential for learning and recalling important information.

Uploaded by

Sujatha Aluguri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEMORY

• Memory is the reservoir of accumulated learning.


• Memory is the power that we have to store our
experiences and bring them into the field of
consciousness some time after the experiences
have occurred.
DEFINITION
• It refers to the process that
enables us to acquire, retain,
retrieve information and involves
the phases of learning, retention,
recall, recognition.
W. M. Ryburn(1956)
• Good memory depends on effective
learning which ensures retention.
• Retention is aided by repetition.
TYPES OF MEMORY
MEMORY PROCESS
1. Encoding/Registration
• Information is translated into a form
that can be processed.
• Acoustic,visual,tactile,semantic are the
four types of encoding.
2. Storage
• Creation of a permanent record of
the encoded information.
3. Retrieval/Recall
• Calling back the stored information
• Done with the help of cues
THEORIES OF MEMORY
Theory of general memory functions
Information processing theory
Levels of processing theory
I.Thoery of general memory functions
THEORIES OF MEMORY
Ii. INFORMATION PROCESSING
THEORY(Atkinson and Shifferins)
Three Stage Model
IIi. LEVELS OF PROCESSING
THEORY OF MEMORY
• Memory depends on the amount of
processing that is done on the incoming
information.
- Craik and Lockhart
Types of processing
Shallow processing:-
• Based on surface characteristics like shape or
sound, Rapid forgetting.
Deep processing :-
• Leads to more permanent memory, based on
semantics or meaning.
• Rehearsal plays important role and must be
elaborative.
• Information involving visual images with existing
knowledge will be processed at deeper level.
Methods of Measuring Memory
 Whole and part method
 Space and unspace method
 Repetition and practice
 Making use of principle of association
 Grouping and rhythm
 Recitation
 Pulling at all together
 Acronym
 Acrostic
 Mnemonics
FACTORS INFLUENCING
MEMORY
• Extrinsic factors
• Intrinsic factors
Pathology of Memory
• Damage to medial/temporal lobe: loose
ability to acquire new declarative memory.
• Damage to storage areas in cortex:
Disrupt retrieval of old memories,
interferes with acquisition of new
memories.
• Damage to frontal lobes: disrupts
attention, affect memory.
• Cell Death in basal forebrain: Alzheimer's,
schizophrenia.
• Hypothyroidism: Impaired Memory.
Amnesia
Amnesia-Loss of Memory
CAUSES:
Biological: Brain Damage.
Psychological: Trauma or Through Repression.
Types
• Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to create new
memories due to brain damage.
Causes: Alcoholism,severe malnutrition,
Stroke,head trauma.
• Drug induced Amnesia: recovery is possible.
• Patients lose declarative memory, or
recollection of facts, but they retain
procedural memory.
• Retrograde Amnesia: Inability to recall
memories before onset of amnesia.
• Cause: Head Trauma, brain injury.
• Episodic memory is affected than semantic
memory.
• Post traumatic Memory: Due to head injury.
The extent of period covered by the amnesia
is related to degree of injury.
• Dissociative Amnesia: Inability to recall
information usually about stressful or
traumatic events in persons life such as violent
attack or disaster.
Forgetting
• Forgetting is a failure to recall a fact, an idea
or group of ideas.
• Weakening of bonds that are formed in
learning.
• Hermann Ebbinghaus found that within an
hour, a person forgets nearly half of what was
originally learned.
• After 24 hours almost 2/3rd of previously
learned material is forgotten.
CAUSES OF FORGETTING
1. Ineffective Encoding
2. Fading
3. Interference
 Retroactive:- New Memory Old memory
 Proactive :- Old Memory New Memory
4. Displacement
5. Unconscious Forgetting
6. Physical Injury/Trauma
7. Changes in Cues
Relevance to Nursing
• Should not overload patients with
information.
• Information should be organized.
• Cues for retrieving information should also
be present.
• Regular routines
THANK YOU

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