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Divergence Theorem and Stoke's Theorom

This document discusses the divergence theorem and Stokes' theorem. The divergence theorem relates the flux of a vector field through a closed surface to the volume integral of the divergence over the region inside the surface. Stokes' theorem relates the circulation of a vector field around a closed curve to the surface integral of the curl over any surface with the curve as its boundary. Proofs of the theorems are presented using Taylor series expansions and dividing surfaces and volumes into small cells.

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158 views

Divergence Theorem and Stoke's Theorom

This document discusses the divergence theorem and Stokes' theorem. The divergence theorem relates the flux of a vector field through a closed surface to the volume integral of the divergence over the region inside the surface. Stokes' theorem relates the circulation of a vector field around a closed curve to the surface integral of the curl over any surface with the curve as its boundary. Proofs of the theorems are presented using Taylor series expansions and dividing surfaces and volumes into small cells.

Uploaded by

Gaag Jssj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Divergence Theorem and Stoke’s Theorom

Divergence (Explanation)
 “The divergence of A at a given point P is defined as
the outward flux per unit volume as the volume
shrinks about P”
 It gives the magnitude of a vector field’s source or sink
at a particular point. Eg, airflow through a tube
Divergence ( )
 Flux of vector field A from a closed surface, S:

 +ve at source. –ve at sink and 0 where the point is


between source and sink
Divergence ( )
 Evaluating divergence of a vector field, A at P(x0,y0,z0)
 Step1: Let the point be enclosed by a differential
volume

x
Divergence ( )

 Step2: Taylor series expansion of A at P gives,

 Step 3: Find flux values at front, back etc. Individually


and sum them up.
Divergence ( )


Divergence ( )
 Add up the individual flux in front and back direction

 Similarly,


Divergence ( )
 Summing up everything.

 = (B)

 Substituting… ( )

 ( )
Divergence ( )


Divergence ( ) Theorem

This is the Divergence Theorem or Gauss-


Ostrogradsky Theorem.

Things to Remember
Divergence ( ) Theorem
Proof:
* Subdivide volume, v to large number of small cells
* Consider that the outward flux of some cells will be
inward flux in some other cells.
• So sum of surface integrals over all Sk is same as the
surface integral over S

• =>
Curl of a vector (Explanation)
 “The curl of A is an axial(rotational) vector whose
magnitude is the maximum circulation of A per
unit area as the area tends to 0 and its’ direction is
the normal direction of the area when the area is
oriented so as to make the direction maximum.”
 Deals with vector rotations
 Direction is found out by Right hand rule.
 Magnitude is given by the distance of rotation
 If curl is 0, field is static
Curl of a vector
Circulation of vector field A around a closed path L

1. Consider differential area


in yz plane
Curl of a vector

 Apply taylor series about a center point, P(x0,y0,z0)

 2. Evaluate components at each sides separately and


sum them up. (Length of side and distance to sides)
Curl of a vector
 On side ab, ,
 On side bc,
 On side cd,
 On side da,


Curl of a vector

 OR


Curl of a vector (Final eqns)
Curl of a vector (Cylindrical)
Curl of a vector (Spherical)
Properties of curl
Stoke’s Theorem

 Stokes's theorem states that the circulation of a vector


Field A around a (closed) path L is equal to the surface
integral of the curl of A over the open surface S
bounded by L provided that A and are
continuous on S
Stoke’s Theorem (Proof)
 Surface, S is divided into ‘k’ number of sub cells.
 If the kth cell has surface area, and is bounded by
path Lk
Additional Info
 A vector field is said to be solenoidal or divergenceless
if
 A vector field, A is said to be irrotational or potential
if =0

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