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Lecture 01 Av 241 - Introduction

This document provides an overview of a lecture on basic semiconductor concepts. The lecture objectives are to review foundational concepts related to semiconductors and understand the terminology of the course. It discusses electronics, solid-state electronics, and microelectronics. Key concepts covered include semiconductors, covalent bonds, doping to create n-type and p-type materials, donors, acceptors, majority and minority carriers, and p-n junctions. Diagrams are provided to illustrate these concepts. The next lecture will cover p-n junctions under open circuit and reverse bias conditions.

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Ufi70
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78 views

Lecture 01 Av 241 - Introduction

This document provides an overview of a lecture on basic semiconductor concepts. The lecture objectives are to review foundational concepts related to semiconductors and understand the terminology of the course. It discusses electronics, solid-state electronics, and microelectronics. Key concepts covered include semiconductors, covalent bonds, doping to create n-type and p-type materials, donors, acceptors, majority and minority carriers, and p-n junctions. Diagrams are provided to illustrate these concepts. The next lecture will cover p-n junctions under open circuit and reverse bias conditions.

Uploaded by

Ufi70
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AV-241

Electronics-Devices and basic circuits


Lecture No 1

“BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR
CONCEPTS”
Text Book: Chapter 3
Section 3.7.1

Instructor: Asst Prof Shafqat ul Mulk


Class: 78(B) EC
Number of Slides: 16

Avionics Engineering Department 1


OBJECTIVES
• Revision of Basic concepts related to
Semiconductor
• Understand language of This course
ELECTRONICS
• The branch of physics concerned with the
behavior of electrons in the circuits, its
control by means of semiconductor
devices such as diodes and transistors
etc.
SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS

• Transistors control the flow of electrons


through solid semiconductor substances
rather than through a vacuum, and so
transistor technology is often referred to as
solid-state electronics.
MICROELECTRONICS
• The art of electronic equipment design and
construction that uses micro- miniaturization schemes.
• The entire body of electronic art that is connected with
or applied to the realization of electronic systems from
extremely small electronic parts.
• All techniques for the manufacture of extremely small
electronic circuits, generally including all types of
silicon integrated circuits, thin-film circuits, and thick-
film circuits
• EXAMPLES. Microprocessor, Micro-controller,
Integrated circuits, cornerstone of computing and
communications revolution
SEMICONDUCTOR
• A material between conductors and
insulators in its ability to conduct electrical
current (e.g., silicon, carbon and germanium,
gallium arsenide)

• Pure state is known as intrinsic state

• Today’s IC technology is based entirely on


silicon. Our text book mostly deals with
SILICON devices only
COVALENT BONDS
Shared electrons
of a covalent bond

Figure 3.40 Two-dimensional representation of the silicon crystal. The circles represent the
inner core of silicon atoms, with +4 indicating its positive charge of +4q, which is neutralized
by the charge of the four valence electrons. Observe how the covalent bonds are formed by
sharing of the valence electrons. At 0 K, all bonds are intact and no free electrons are available
for current conduction.
Important Concepts

• Drift
• Diffusion
• Doping
• N-type
• P-type
• Donor
• Acceptor
• Majority/minority
PN-Junction
Figure 3.40 Two-dimensional representation of the silicon crystal. The circles represent
the inner core of silicon atoms, with +4 indicating its positive charge of +4q, which is
neutralized by the charge of the four valence electrons. Observe how the covalent bonds
are formed by sharing of the valence electrons. At 0 K, all bonds are intact and no free
electrons are available for current conduction.
Figure 3.41 At room temperature, some of the covalent bonds are broken by
thermal ionization. Each broken bond gives rise to a free electron and a hole,
both of which become available for current conduction.
Figure 3.42 A bar of intrinsic silicon (a) in which the hole
concentration profile shown in (b) has been created along the x-axis by
some unspecified mechanism.
Figure 3.43 A silicon crystal doped by a pentavalent element. Each
dopant atom donates a free electron and is thus called a donor. The
doped semiconductor becomes n type.
Figure 3.44 A silicon crystal doped with a trivalent impurity. Each
dopant atom gives rise to a hole, and the semiconductor becomes p
type.
Summary
Next Lecture
• PN junction under Open Circuit and
Reverse Bias conditions

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