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DC Generator

The document summarizes the construction and working of DC machines. It describes the main components of a DC machine including the magnetic frame, pole cores, field coils, armature core, armature winding, commutator, brushes and shaft. It also explains the different types of DC generators - separately excited, self-excited, shunt, series and compound wound generators - and their applications.

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Rahul Bhandari
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123 views

DC Generator

The document summarizes the construction and working of DC machines. It describes the main components of a DC machine including the magnetic frame, pole cores, field coils, armature core, armature winding, commutator, brushes and shaft. It also explains the different types of DC generators - separately excited, self-excited, shunt, series and compound wound generators - and their applications.

Uploaded by

Rahul Bhandari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINE

DC MACHINE
 It is an electro-mechanical energy conversion device.

DC GENERATOR

DC MOTOR
DC GENERATOR
It converts mechanical power/energy
into dc electrical power/energy.

Principle:

• Electromagnetic induction
• When a conductor cuts across the magnetic
field, emf is induced in it.
CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINE
MAGNETIC FRAME

POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES

FIELD OR EXCITING COILS

ARMATURE CORE

ARMATURE WINDING

COMMUTATOR

BRUSHES

SHAFT

END COVERS/HOUSINGS
 MAGNETIC FRAME
 Outer cylindrical frame
 Yoke
 Provides mechanical protection to the inner parts of the
machine
 Made up of cast iron for smaller machines
 Made up of cast steel for larger machines
 POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES
 Function of pole core is to establish the required flux.
 Pole shoes serves the following purposes:-
 Support the exciting or field coils.
 They spread out magnetic flux over armature uniformly.

• FIELD OR EXCITING COILS


– Copper wire
– When direct current is passed through field winding, it
magnetizes the poles which produces the required flux.
 ARMATURE CORE
 Cylindrical in shape
 Peripheral slots are cut over it which accommodate the
armature winding
 Houses the conductors in the slots
 Provides easy path for magnetic flux
 ARMATURE WINDING
 Insulated conductors are housed in armature slots are
connected known as Armature winding.
 Heart of DC Machine
 Conversion takes place here
 DC Generator: Mechanical Power  Electrical Power
 DC Motor: Electrical Power  Mechanical Power
 TYPES OF ARMATURE WINDING
 LAP WINDING
 No. of parallel paths are equal to number of poles
 P Poles, Z conductors => P parallel paths
 Each path will have Z/P conductors in series
 WAVE WINDING
 Armature Conductors = Z
 Parallel Paths = 2
 No. of conductors in each path = Z/2
 COMMUTATOR
 In DC Generator: It converts alternating current into
unidirectional current.
 In DC Motor: It converts alternating torque into
unidirectional torque.
 BRUSHES
 Made of high grade carbon.
 Collects current from commutator and deliver to the
stationary load circuit.
 SHAFT
 Armature and Commutator are housed on the shaft.
 Main function is to rotate.
 END CORES/HOUSINGS
 Made up of Cast iron/Cast Steel
 To protect inner parts of machine from dust.
WORKING
 A coil is placed in stationary magnetic field.
 Rotated in anticlockwise direction at an angular
velocity of w radians per second by some external
torque.
 Coil cuts the magnetic field and thus Emf is induced
 Direction of Emf is determined by Fleming Right Hand
Rule
 Coil is connected to external load resistor and thus
current flows.
 The induced emf and current flowing through resistor
is alternating.

 Alternating current is converted into unidirectional


current with the help of commutator.
 In actual machine, there are no. of coils. Therefore, the
current or emf delivered by these coils is:

 The no. of coils placed on the armature are even much


more than this and thus a pure dc is obtained at the
output.
EMF EQUATION
 Let
 P = No. of poles of machine
 Ф = Flux per pole in Wb
 Z = Total no. of armature conductors
 N = Speed of armature in rpm
 A = No. of parallel paths
 In one revolution, flux cut by one conductor = PФ Wb
 Time taken to complete one revolution = t = 60/N sec
 Average emf induced in one conductor
E= PФ/ t
E = PФ / 60/N
E = P Ф N / 60
 Average emf induced across each parallel path
E= PФN Z
60 A
 Thus, E = PZФN / 60 A

 Here, N = speed in rpm


 Let n = speed in rps
 n = N / 60
  E = PZ Фn / A
  E α Фn
TYPES OF DC GENERATORS

SELF EXCITED DC
GENERATORS
SEPARATELY EXCITED DC
GENERATORS • SHUNT WOUND GENERATORS
• SERIES WOUND GENERATORS
• COMPOUND WOUND GENERATORS
SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATORS
 A dc generator in which current is supplied to the field
winding from an external dc source.

Terminal Voltage = Eg – Ia Ra
Power developed = Eg Ia
Output power = VIl = V Ia
SELF EXCITED DC GENERATOR
 A dc generator in which field winding is supplied
current by the generator itself.

SHUNT SERIES
COMPOUND
WOUND WOUND
WOUND
SHUNT WOUND GENERATORS
In this, the field winding is connected across the armature winding forming a
parallel circuit.

Shunt field current, Ish = V / Rsh


Ia = Il + Ish
V = Eg – IaRa
Power developed = EgIa
Output Power = V Il

Eg
SERIES WOUND DC GENERATOR
In this, field winding is connected in series with the armature winding forming
a series circuit.

Series field current, Ise = Il = Ia


V = Eg – IaRa – Ise Rse
Power developed = EgIa
Output Power = V Ia = V Il

Eg
COMPOUND WOUND GENERATORS
There are 2 sets of field windings on each pole. One is connected in series and the
Other is connected in parallel with the armature.

LONG SHUNT

SHORT SHUNT
LONG SHUNT
 In this the shunt field winding is connected in parallel with the
combination of both armature and series field winding.

Shunt field current, Ish = V / Rsh


Series field current, Ise = Ia = Ish + IL
Terminal Voltage, V = Eg – IaRa – Ise Rse
Power Developed = Eg Ia
Power Output = V IL
Eg
SHORT SHUNT
 In this the shunt field winding is connected in parallel with only
armature winding.

Series field current, Ise = IL


Shunt field current, Ish = Eg – Ia Ra / Rsh

Ia = Ish + IL
Eg
Terminal Voltage, V= Eg – Ia Ra – IL Rse

power developed = Eg Ia

Power Output = V IL
Applications of DC Generator
Separately excited dc generators are used where quick and definite
response to control is required.

Shunt wound dc generators are best suited for battery charging.

Series wound dc generators are used for lightning.

Compound wound dc generators are used for:

• Lightning and power services


• Employed as welding sets

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