HISTORY OF COMPUTER

(TIMELINE OF USA)
 2400 BC
• Abacus: The abacus, the first known calculator, was
invented in Babylonia.
• It is one of many types of counting devices which are
used to count large numbers.
• It is used in Europe, China and Russia.
 500 BC
• Panini: introduced the forerunner to modern formal
language theory.
• Used to specify computer languages.
• Sanskrit font face comes from him meaning “complete” or
“perfect”.
 300 BC
• Pingala: Pingala invented the binary number system.
• It is a number expressed in the base-2 numeral system or
binary numeral system, which uses only two symbols:
typically 0 and 1.
 87 BC
• Antikythera Mechanism: Built in Rhodes to track
movement of the stars.
• It could also track the four-year cycle of athletic games
which was similar to Olympiad, the cycle of the ancient
Olympic Games.
 60 AD
• Heron of Alexandria: Heron of Alexandria invents
machines which follow a series of instructions.
• He was a mathematician and engineer who was active in
his native city of Alexandria, Roman Egypt.
 724
• Liang Ling-Can: Liang Ling-Can invents the first fully
mechanical clock.
• The mechanical clock was invented in China, in 976 A.D.
during the Song Dynasty. Chan Ssu-Hsun built a clock
using mercury. It was the first working mechanical clock.
The importance of mechanical clocks is that they were
made for telling time more accurately than water or sun
clocks.
 1492
• Leonardo Da Vinci: Drawings by Leonardo Da Vinci depict
inventions such as flying machines, including a helicopter,
the first mechanical calculator and one of the first
programmable robots.
 1614
• John Napier: John Napier invents a system of moveable
rods (Napier's Rods) based on logarithms which was able
to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots.
• It is also called Napier's Bones.
• It is a manually-operated calculating device created by
John Napier of Merchiston for calculation of products and
quotients of numbers. The method was based on Arab
mathematics and the lattice multiplication used by
Matrakci Nasuh in the Umdet-ul Hisab and Fibonacci's
work in his Liber Abaci.
 1622
• William Oughtred: William Oughtred develops slide ruler.
• The slide rule, also known colloquially in the United States
as a slipstick, is a mechanical analog computer. The slide
rule is used primarily for multiplication and division, and
also for functions such as exponents, roots, logarithms
and trigonometry, but typically not for addition or
subtraction.
 1623
• Calculating Clock: invented by Wilhelm Schickard.
• It is the earliest known calculator, built in 1623 by the
German astronomer and mathematician.
 1642
• Blaise Pascal: Blaise Pascal invents the “Pascaline”, a
mechanical adding machine.
• Pascal's calculator (also known as the arithmetic machine
or Pascaline) is a mechanical calculator invented by
Blaise Pascal in the early 17th century.
• He designed the machine to add and subtract two
numbers directly and to perform multiplication and division
through repeated addition or subtraction
 1671
• Gottfried Leibniz: Gottfried Leibniz is known as one of the
founding fathers of calculus.
• The calculus controversy (often referred to with the
German term Prioritätsstreit, meaning "priority dispute")
was an argument between 17th-century mathematicians
Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz over who had first
invented the mathematical study of change, calculus.
 1801
• Joseph-Marie Jacquard: Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents
an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
• The loom was controlled by a "chain of cards"; a number
of punched cards laced together into a continuous
sequence. Multiple rows of holes were punched on each
card, with one complete card corresponding to one row of
the design.
 1820
• Arithmometer: The Arithmometer was the first mass-
produced calculator invented by Charles Xavier Thomas
de Colmar.
• This calculator could add and subtract two numbers
directly and could perform long multiplications and
divisions effectively by using a movable accumulator for
the result.
 1822
• Charles Babbage: Charles Babbage designs his first
mechanical computer.
• A mechanical computer is built from mechanical
components such as levers and gears, rather than
electronic components. The most common examples are
adding machines and mechanical counters, which use the
turning of gears to increment output displays.
 1834
• Analytical Engine: The Analytical Engine was invented by
Charles Babbage.
• The Analytical Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic
unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and
loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design
for a general-purpose computer that could be described in
modern terms as Turing-complete.
 1835
• Morse code: Samuel Morse invents Morse code.
• Morse code is a method of transmitting text information as
a series of on-off tones, lights, or clicks that can be
directly understood by a skilled listener or observer
without special equipment.
 1848
• Boolean algebra: Boolean algebra is invented by George
Boole.
• In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra
is the branch of algebra in which the values of the
variables are the truth values true and false, usually
denoted 1 and 0 respectively.
 1853
• Tabulating Machine: Per Georg Scheutz and his son
Edvard invent the Tabulating Machine.
• The tabulating machine was an electromechanical
machine designed to assist in summarizing information
stored on punched cards. Invented by Herman Hollerith,
the machine was developed to help process data for the
1890 U.S. Census.
 1869
• William Stanley Jevons: William Stanley Jevons designs a
practical logic machine.
• A logical machine is a tool containing a set of parts that
uses energy to perform formal logic operations.
 1878
• Ramon Verea: Ramon Verea invents a fast calculator with
an internal multiplication table.
• In direct-multiplying calculating machines, the operator
had only to perform n operations when the multiplier was
an n digit number.
 1880
• Alexander Graham Bell: Alexander Graham Bell invents
the telephone called the Photophone.
• The photophone is a telecommunications device that
allows transmission of speech on a beam of light.
 1884
• Comptometer: The Comptometer is an invention of Dorr
E. Felt which is operated by pressing keys.
• A key-driven calculator is extremely fast because each
key adds or subtracts its value to the accumulator as soon
as it is pressed and a skilled operator can enter all of the
digits of a number simultaneously, using as many fingers
as required, making them sometimes faster to use than
electronic calculators.
 1890
• Herman Hollerith: Herman Hollerith invents a counting
machine which increment mechanical counters.
• Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 – November 17,
1929) was an American inventor who developed an
electromechanical punched card tabulator to assist in
summarizing information and, later, accounting.
 1895
• Guglielmo Marconi: Radio signals were invented by
Guglielmo Marconi.
• Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with
wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than
infrared light.
 1896
• Tabulating Machine Company: Herman Hollerith forms the
Tabulating Machine Company which later becomes IBM.
• The winner was Herman Hollerith, son of a German
immigrant and Census Bureau statistician, whose Punch
Card Tabulating Machine used an electric current to
sense holes in punched cards and keep a running total of
data. Capitalizing on his success, Hollerith formed the
Tabulating Machine Company in 1896.
 1898
• Nikola Tesla: Remote control was invented by Nikola
Tesla.
• In electronics, a remote control or clicker is a component
of an electronic device used to operate the device from a
distance, usually wirelessly.
 1906
• Lee De Forest: Lee De Forest invents the electronic tube.
• In electronics, a vacuum tube, an electron tube, or just a
tube (North America), or valve (Britain and some other
regions) is a device that controls electric current between
electrodes in an evacuated container.
 1911
• IBM: IBM is formed on June 15, 1911.
• The International Business Machines Corporation is an
American multinational technology company
headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States, with
operations in over 170 countries.
 1923
• Philo Farnsworth: Television Electronic was invented by
Philo Farnsworth.
• Electronic television was first successfully demonstrated
in San Francisco on Sept. 7, 1927. The system was
designed by Philo Taylor Farnsworth, a 21-year-old
inventor who had lived in a house without electricity until
he was 14
 1924
• John Logie Baird: Electro Mechanical television system
was invented by John Logie Baird.
• Walther Bothe: Walther Bothe develops the logic gate.
• Mechanical television or mechanical scan television is a
television system that relies on a mechanical scanning
device, such as a rotating disk with holes in it or a rotating
mirror, to scan the scene and generate the video signal,
and a similar mechanical device at the receiver to display
the picture.
 1930
• Vannevar Bush: Vannevar Bush develops a partly
electronic Difference Engine.
• A difference engine is an automatic mechanical calculator
designed to tabulate polynomial functions. The name
derives from the method of divided differences, a way to
interpolate or tabulate functions by using a small set of
polynomial coefficients.
 1931
• Kurt Godel: Kurt Godel publishes a paper on the use of a
universal formal language.
• His standards for publication in philosophy were, possibly,
unreasonably high—for example he would not publish
papers which contained only negative arguments—and as
a result he published only four more or less strictly
philosophical papers in his lifetime.
 1937
• Alan Turing: Alan Turing develops the concept of a
theoretical computing machine.
• This paper deals with theoretical computing machine
models from a systemic perspective, that is, from the
point of view of systems operating in interaction with
environments. Turing machine models are shown to
operate as closed systems while they are computing,
while von Neumann computers are shown to operate as
open systems, in what regards the exchange of
information with the environment.
 1938
• Konrad Zuse: Konrad Zuse creates the Z1 Computer, a
binary digital computer using punch tape.
• It was a binary electrically driven mechanical calculator
with limited programmability, reading instructions from
punched celluloid film.
• The Z1 was the first freely programmable computer in the
world which used Boolean logic and binary floating-point
numbers, however it was unreliable in operation.
 1939
• George Stibitz: George Stibitz develops the Complex
Number Calculator- a foundation for digital computers.
• Hewlett Packard: William Hewlett and David Packard start
Hewlett Packard.
• John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry: John Vincent
Atanasoff and Clifford Berry develop the ABC (Atanasoff-
Berry Computer) prototype.
 1943
• Enigma: Adolf Hitler uses the Enigma encryption machine.
• Colossus: Alan Turing develops the code-breaking
machine Colossus.
• The Enigma machines were a series of electro-
mechanical rotor cipher machines developed and used in
the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial,
diplomatic and military communication.
• Colossus was a set of computers developed by British
codebreakers in the years 1943–1945 to help in the
cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher.
 1944
• Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper: Howard Aiken & Grace
Hopper designed the MARK series of computers at
Harvard University.
• The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
(ASCC), called Mark I by Harvard University’s staff,[1]
was a general purpose electromechanical computer that
was used in the war effort during the last part of World
War II.
• One of the first programs to run on the Mark I was
initiated on 29 March 1944[2] by John von Neumann.
 1945
• ENIAC: John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly: John
Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly develop the ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).
• Computer Bug: The term ‘bug’ as computer bug
was first used by Grace Hopper.
• A software bug is an error, flaw, failure or fault in a
computer program or system that causes it to produce an
incorrect or unexpected result, or to behave in unintended
ways.
 1946
• F.C. Williams: F.C. Williams develops his cathode-ray tube
(CRT) storing device the forerunner to random-access
memory (RAM).
• The Williams tube, or the Williams–Kilburn tube after
inventors Freddie Williams (26 June 1911 – 11 August
1977), and Tom Kilburn (11 August 1921 – 17 January
2001), is an early form of computer memory. It was the
first random-access digital storage device, and was used
successfully in several early computers.
 1947
• Pilot ACE: Donald Watts Davies joins Alan Turing to build
te fastest digital computer in England at the time, the Pilot
ACE.
• William Shockley: William Shockley invents the transistor
at Bell Labs.
• Douglas Engelbart: Douglas Engelbart theorises on
interactive computing with keyboard and screen display
instead of on punchcards.
 1948
• Andrew Donald Booth: Andrew Donald Booth invents
magnetic drum memory.
• Frederic Calland Williams & Tom Kilburn: Frederic Calland
Williams & Tom Kilburn develop the SSEM (Small Scale
Experimental Machine) digital CRT storage which was
soon nicknamed the Baby.
• Drums were displaced as primary computer memory by
magnetic core memory which was a better balance of
size, speed, cost, reliability and potential for further
improvements.
 1949
• Claude Shannon: Claude Shannon builds the first
machine that plays chess.
• Howard Aiken: Howard Aiken develops the Harvard-
MARK III.
• The Turk, also known as the Mechanical Turk or
Automaton Chess Player (German: Schachtürke, "chess
Turk"; Hungarian: A Török), was a fake chess-playing
machine constructed in the late 18th century.
 1950
• Hideo Yamachito: The first electronic is created in Japan
by Hideo Yamachito.
• Alan Turing: Alan Turing publishes his paper Computing
Machinery and Intelligence which helps create the Turing
Test.
• The Japanese electronics industry is the largest
consumer electronics industry in the world, though the
share of these Japanese companies gradually declined by
competition from South Korea, Taiwan and China.
 1951
• LEO: T. Raymond Thompson and John Simmons develop
the first business computer, the Lyons Electronic Office
(LEO) at Lyons Co.
• UNIVAC: UNIVAC I (UNIversal Automatic Computer I)
was introduced- the first commercial computer made in
the USA and designed principally by John Presper Eckert
& John W. Mauchly.
• EDVAC: The EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer) begins performing tasks. Unlike the
ENIAC, it was binary rather than decimal.
 GROUP 1
• ALAGOS, JASPHER P.
• APILADA, ARTHUR NELSON G.
• BARREDA, ANDREW G.
• BASAGRE, JHUNEL JOSEPH V.
• DE JESUS, ARIELLE JOYCE F.

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