Steam Prime Movers
What is a Prime Mover?
• A machine which originates mechanical motion using some natural force is a
prime mover.
Steam-using Prime Movers
• Steam Engine
• Steam Turbine
Steam Engine Applications
• Steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as
its working fluid.
• Steam engines were used in all sorts of applications including factories,
mines and locomotives.
•
Classifications of Steam Engines
• Based on axis of engine:
-Horizontal steam engine
-Vertical steam engine
• Based on type of steam action:
-Single Acting steam engine
-Double Acting steam engine
Horizontal Steam Engine
Vertical Steam Engine
Single Acting Steam Engine
Double Acting Steam Engine
Uniflow Engine
The uniflow type of steam engine uses steam that flows in one direction only
in each half of the cylinder.
Steam Turbine Applications
• Steam Turbine is a prime mover in which pressure of steam is transformed
into Kinetic energy, and later in its turn is transformed into mechanical
energy of rotation of turbine shaft.
Principal parts of Steam Turbine
• Rotor
• Casing
• Bearings
• Shaft Seals
• Steam Control
• Oil System
Some types of turbines
Classification of Steam Turbines
• A. By Size and Application
• 1. Auxiliary service, direct connected, small capacity
• 2. Mechanical drive, geared and direct-connected
• 3. Industrial power
• 4. Central Station Power
Classification of Steam Turbines
• B. By Steam Flow
• 1. Impulse, Impulse-reaction, Reaction-blading
• 2. Single Stage & Multi-stage
• 3. Re-entry
• 4. Subdivided steam flow
Classification of Steam Turbines
• C. By Degree of Expansion
• 1. Straight Expansion
• 2. Back Pressure
• 3. Bleeder
• 4. Automatic Expansion
• 5. Low Pressure
• 6. Superposed
STEAM PRIME MOVERS
EFFICIENCIES AND TURBINE PROPERTIES
THERMODYNAMIC REVIEW
Second Law of
Entropy
Thermodynamics
is commonly known as the
Law of Increased Entropy.
measure of disorder in the
It is a profound principle
system
of nature which affects the
way energy can be used
Causes of
Entropy
Internal External
Irreversibility Irreversibility
Fluid Heat Mechanical
Friction Throttling Mixing
Transfer Friction
Terminologies
Availability – refers to the amount of useful energy.
Unavailable energy – an energy that is incapable of doing
work under existing conditions.
External Irreversibility – property wherein no reversibility
occurs outside the system boundary
Internal Irreversibility – property wherein no reversibility
occurs inside the system boundary.
Reversible Process – a process that can be reversed resulting in no change in the
system or surrounding.
Irreversible Process – a process that if reversed would result in a change to the system
or surroundings
Isentropic Process – a process in which the entropy of the system remains unchanged.
Adiabatic Process – a process in which there is no heat transfer across the system
boundaries.
Available Energy – is the greatest amount of mechanical work that can be obtained
from a system or body, with a given quantity of substance.
RANKINE ENGINE
RANKINE
RANKINE RANKINE
ENGINE CYCLE
DOES
STEAM STEAM INCLUDE
ENGINE TURBINE PUMP IN THE
PROCESS
RANKINE DIAGRAMS
PRESSURE-VOLUME DIAGRAM TEMPERATURE-ENTROPY DIAGRAM
STEAM ENGINE – is a device for the conversion of heat in steam
in to work generally in the form of a positive displacement, piston
and cylinder mechanism
Diagram Enthalpy-Entropy Diagram
Brake Friction Indicated
Power Power Power
(𝑃𝑚𝑏)(𝑉𝐷) Friction (𝑃𝑚𝑖)(𝑉𝐷)
Power
Brake Engine Efficiency
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
STEAM 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 (ℎ1 − ℎ2)
ENGINES Engine Efficiency
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 (ℎ1 − ℎ2)
Indicated Engine Efficiency
Equivalent Rankine Cycle 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Efficiency 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 (ℎ1 − ℎ2)
𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 − 𝒉𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒕
𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 − 𝒉𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒕 Brake Thermal Efficiency
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 (ℎ1 − ℎ2)
Thermal Efficiency
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 (ℎ1 − ℎ2𝑓)
Indicated Thermal Efficiency
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 (ℎ1 − ℎ2𝑓)
• Steam rate is the mass of steam used
Steam to perform a unit work or the mass
flow rate of steam consumed to
produce a unit of power.
Rate, m
• Heat rate is the energy chargeable per
Heat
unit of work or the rate of energy
chargeable per unit of power.
Rate, HR
STEAM TURBINES – A PRIME MOVER FOR THE CONVERSION OF
HEAT ENERGY OF STEAM INTO WORK ON A REVOLVING SHAFT,
UTILIZING FLUID ACCELERATION
Turbo-generator is a generator driven by a turbine.
Ideal work, W, is the work done by the steam during a reversible adiabatic
expansion process in the turbine.
Indicated or actual fluid work, W1 or W’, is the work done by the steam during
an irreversible adiabatic expansion or polytropic expansion process in the turbine.
Brake work, WB, is the useful work, i.e., the available work at the engine shaft.
Combined Work, WK, is the electrical energy available at the generator outlet.
Thermal efficiencies Steam Rates Heat Rates
• Ideal Thermal Efficiency, e • Ideal Steam Rate, m • Ideal Heat Rate, HR
HR = (m) (EC)
• Indicated Thermal • Indicated Steam Rate, m1 • Indicated Heat Rate, Hri
Efficiency, ei HRi = (mi)(EC)
• Brake Heat Rate, HRb
• Brake Thermal Efficiency, eb HRb = (mb)(EC)
• Brake Steam Rate, mb
• Combined Heat Rate, HRk
HRk= (mk)(EC)
• Combined Thermal
Efficiency, ek • Combined Steam Rate, mk
• Note: e> ei > eb > ek
• A nozzle is a duct by
flowing through • Diffuser
which the velocity
of the fluid increases • Nozzle
with the expense of
pressure drop. Definition Types of
of Nozzle Nozze
Efficiency Nozzle
of Nozzle Diagram
• Reaction • Stage Efficiency = actual
work done/kg of steam
Turbine over Isentropic work done
in stage
• Impulse Wa1
• Efficiency = Ws1
Turbine Turbine Stage
Blade Efficiency
Condition
Degree
Line and
Of
Reheat
Reaction
• Degree of reaction is Factor • The actual condition of steam
defined as the ratio of at exit from each stage and its
static pressure drop in locus is to be called the
the rotor to the static condition line
pressure drop in the
stage.
Difference between impulse and reaction turbine
Impulse turbine Reaction turbine
IMPULSE TURBINE REACTION TURBINE
• Pressure drops in nozzles and not in moving blade • -Pressure drops in fixed blade aswell as in moving blades
• Constant blade channel area • -Varying blade channel area
• Profile type blades • -Aerofoil type blades
• Restricted round or incomplete admission ofsteam • -All round or complete admission of steam
• Nozzles impart kinetic energy ton steam Occupies less space for same • -Fixed blades similar to moving blades casing serve as nozzles and guide
power the steam
• Higher efficiency in initial stage • -Higher efficiency in final stages.
• Suitable for small power requirements • -Suitable for medium or high powerrequirements.
• Blade manufacturing is not difficult • -Blade manufacturing process is difficult
• Velocity of steam is high • -Velocity of steam is less.
Turbine Losses
• Leakage
• Fluid Friction
• Leaving Losses
• Super saturation
• Irreversible collisions of water droplets in
the wet steam
• Throttling at the control valves
Typical Stage Efficiency Condition Line and Reheats
STEAM TURBINE GOVERNOR
THE FUNCTION OF THE STEAM GOVERNOR IS MAINTAIN THE SHAFT
SPEED CONSTANT AS THE LOAD VARIES
STEAM GOVERNING
• THROTTLE GOVERNING
• NOZZLE GOVERNING
• BY PASS GOVERNING
• EMERGENCY GOVERNOR
THROTTLE GOVERNING
AS THE LOAD DECREASES AND
THE SHAFT SPEED INCREASES,
THE STOP VALVE IS PARTIALLY
CLOSED TO ADMIT LESS STEAM
TO THE TURBINE AND TO
PRODUCE LESS POWER
ACCORDING TO THE DEMAND.
DUE TO RESTRICTION OF
PASSAGE IN THE VALVE, STEAM
IS THROTTLED FROM P0 TO
Pthrottle. THE SPECIFIC IDEAL
OUTPUT OF THE TURBINE THUS
REDUCES FROM (H1 TO H2S) TO
(H3 TO H4S)
NOZZLE GOVERNING
The steam is supplied to the different nozzle
groups.
If throttle governing is done at low loads,
the turbine efficiency is considerably
reduced. The nozzle control may then be a
better method of governing. The nozzle
made up in sets, each set being controlled by
a separate valve. With the decrease of load,
the required number of nozzles may be shut
off.
BY PASS GOVERNING
TO PRODUCE MORE POWER WHEN
ON OVERLOAD, ADDITIONAL
STEAM MAY BE ADMITTED
THROUGH A BY-PASS VALVE TO THE
LATER STAGES OF THE TURBINE. BY
REGULATION OPERATES IN A
TURBINE WHICH IS THROTTLE
GOVERNED
EMERGENCY GOVERNOR
• EVERY TURBIINE IS PROVIDED WITH SOME FORM OF AN
EMERGENCY GOVERNOR WHICH TRIPS THE TURBINE (CLOSES THE
STOP VALVE AND STOPS THE STERAM SUPPLY) WHEN:
• SHAFT SPEED EXCEEDS 110% OF ITS RATES VALUE i.e 3300 RPM
• LUBRICATION SYSTEM FAILS
• BALANCING OF TURBINE IS NOT PROPER
• CONDENSER BECOMES HOT DUE TO INADEQUATE COOLING
WATER CIRCULATION OR VACUUM IS LESS
Willan’s Law
WHEN THE POWER IS VARIED BY
THROTTLING ONLY, THE MASS OF
STEAM USED BY THE ENGINE
VARIES PROPORTIONALLY AS THE
INDICATED POWER.
THE STEAM CONSUMPTION PLTTED
AGAINST THE TURBINE LOAD
SHOWS A LINER RELATIONSHIP,
WHICH IS THE WILLAN’S LINE
STEAM
CONSUMPTION
SAMPLE PROBLEM RATED
LOAD
A 6 MW STEAM TURBINE
GENERATOR POWER PLANT HAS A
FULL-LOAD STEAM RATE OF 8
KG/KwHR. ASSUMING THAT NO-
LOAD STEAM CONSUMPTION AS 15%
OF FULL LOAD STEAM
CONSUMPTION, COMPUTE FOR THE
HOURLY STEAM CONSUMPTION AT
ZERO FULL
75% LOAD IN KG/HR
LOAD LOAD
