Scribd
Upload
36 views

Topic 2: Managers and System Concept

The document discusses systems concepts including defining a system as elements working together to achieve an objective. It describes open and closed systems, sub-systems and super-systems. Models are presented as representations of objects, concepts or activities, including physical, narrative, graphical and mathematical models. Physical and conceptual systems are examined along with management techniques like management by exception and critical success factors. The environment and problem solving are also summarized.

Uploaded by

LucyChan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
36 views

Topic 2: Managers and System Concept

The document discusses systems concepts including defining a system as elements working together to achieve an objective. It describes open and closed systems, sub-systems and super-systems. Models are presented as representations of objects, concepts or activities, including physical, narrative, graphical and mathematical models. Physical and conceptual systems are examined along with management techniques like management by exception and critical success factors. The environment and problem solving are also summarized.

Uploaded by

LucyChan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Topic 2

Managers and
System Concept
System
System
A system is defined as a group of elements
that work together to achieve an objective

System Elements
A system has basic elements such as
objectives, control mechanisms, input,
transformation and output

2
System
 An open system is a system that is connected to its
environment through the flow of resources.

 A closed system is not connected to its environment.

 Sub-System is a system which is connected to the


environment through the flow of resources.

 A super system is a bigger system which consists of


many sub-systems.

3
Model
A model is the representation of things like
an object, a concept or real activity known
as entity

The model is used to represent problems,


which need to be solved in a form easily
understood

4
Model
 Physical Model
representation of 3 dimensional entities, which can be
seen by the naked eye
 Narrative Model
used by managers by explaining the entity through
oral and written communication
 Graphical Model
used to visualise the entity via graphs, charts, forms,
symbols and lines
 Mathematical Model
a formula or mathematical equation which consists of
a few variables and constants

5
Physical System
A firm’s physical system transforms the
input resources to the output resources
and then returned to the same
environment
Material Flow
Personnel Flow
Machinery Flow
Monetary Flow

6
Conceptual System
 A conceptual system is a system that uses
conceptual resources which cannot be seen
physically to represent physical system

 Conceptual resources are data and information

 The conceptual system exists as an idea in the


manager's mind, graphs, papers or data
statements captured on the screen

7
Conceptual System
Information Dimensions
The manager evaluates output produced by
information processor based on four
information dimensions:
Relevant
Accurate
On Time
Complete

8
Management Techniques
 Help managers to execute their tasks efficiently and effectively:

 Management by Exception
 is applied when a manager takes an action only if an activity occurs out
of fixed performance and norms
 can change according to time

 Critical Success Factors (CSF)


 is the technique used by managers to identify several main factors
which bring success to a particular function
 remains constant in the long term

 Both techniques are similar in terms of the emphasis on certain


parts of the system as compared to the entire system

9
Environment
 In the general system model, resource flow into
the firm from the environment and will return to
the environment after the transformation process

 Physical resources enter the physical process


and conceptual resources enter the information
processor to be stored or used by the manager

 It can also flow to or from the environment.

10
Problem Solving

11
Problem Solving
Internal constraint is limited resources in a
firm

External constraint refers to constraints


from the firm’s environment which limit the
flow of the resource to and from the firm

12
Problem Structure
 Structured problem
 is a problem that has certain elements and relationship between
the elements can be clearly understood and seen

 Semi-structured problems
 have parts of elements or relationships that are understandable
and parts that are not understandable

 Non-structured problems
 problems which are not understood by the manager and do not
have elements or relationships that are understood by the
problem solver

13
System approach
System approach is the guide to solving a
problem step-by-step to ensure the
problem can be understood, an alternative
solution is identified and the solution
chosen is effective

14
System approach

15

You might also like