Basic Electrical Technology

[ELE 1051]
SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
L15 – AC Representation & Response

Monday, November 11,

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 1
2019
Topics covered…
 Representation of AC
o Mathematical form
o Graphical form
o Phasors
 AC response of
o Pure Resistor
o Pure Inductor
o Pure Capacitor

Monday, November 11,

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 2
2019
Representing AC
 Consider three sinusoidal signals 𝑥 𝑡 , 𝑦 𝑡 & 𝑧(𝑡) with same frequency
Mathematical Representation Graphical Representation

𝒙(𝒕) = 𝑿𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕) 𝒙(𝒕)

𝒚(𝒕)
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒀𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 − ∅ Amplitude → 𝒛(𝒕)
𝒛(𝒕) = 𝒁𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽
∅ 𝜽

Phasor Representation

𝒁𝒓𝒎𝒔 Time →
𝜽
 Representing the relationship between sinusoidal signals with
∅ 𝑿𝒓𝒎𝒔
same frequency in graphical or mathematical form is tedious
 Phasor representation is often used
𝒀𝒓𝒎𝒔

Monday, November 11,

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 3
2019
 R circuit response with AC supply
𝒊(𝒕)

‘Current through the resistor

𝑣(𝑡) is in phase with the voltage across it’
𝒗(𝒕) 𝑹 𝑖 𝑡 =
𝑅
f = 50 Hz

Graphical Representation Mathematical Representation

Amplitude →

𝐢(𝒕) 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡

𝒗(𝒕)
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)

Phasor Representation

𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔
Time →
Monday, November 11,
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 4
2019
Power Associated - Pure Resistive Circuit
𝑃 𝑡

𝑣 𝑡
Amplitude

𝑖 𝑡

0.02 0.04 0.06

Time(sec)

𝑻
Instantaneous power, 𝟏
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 . 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓, 𝑷 = න 𝒑 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻
𝟎
𝑽 𝒎 𝑰𝒎 𝟐
𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 = = 𝑰𝟐𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑹
𝟐 𝑹
Monday, November 11,
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 5
2019
 L circuit response with AC supply
𝒊(𝒕) ‘Current through the inductor lags the
voltage across it by 90°’
1 𝑉ത = 𝑉∠0° 𝐼 ҧ = 𝐼∠ − 90°
𝒗(𝒕) 𝑳 𝑖 𝑡 = න 𝑣 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐿 ഥ
𝑽 𝑽∠𝟎° 𝑉
f = 50 Hz = = 𝒋𝑿𝑳 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝑋𝐿
ത𝑰 𝑰∠ − 𝟗𝟎° 𝐼
𝑿𝑳 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
Graphical Representation Mathematical Representation
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝒗(𝒕)
Amplitude →

𝐢(𝒕) 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 90°)

Phasor Representation

𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔

Time → 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔
Monday, November 11,
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 6
2019
Power Associated – Pure Inductive Circuit
𝑃 𝑡
𝑣 𝑡
Amplitude

𝑖 𝑡

0.02 0.04 0.06

Time(sec)

Instantaneous power, 𝟏
𝑻

𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 . 𝑖(𝑡) 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓, 𝑷 = න 𝒑 𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝑻
𝟎
= 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 . sin(𝜔𝑡 − 90 °)
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
=−
2
sin 2𝜔𝑡 𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟎
Monday, November 11,
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 7
2019
 C circuit response with AC supply
𝒊(𝒕) ‘Current through the capacitor
leads the voltage across it by 90°’
𝑑𝑣(𝑡)
𝒗(𝒕) 𝑪 𝑖 𝑡 =𝐶 𝑉ത = 𝑉∠0° 𝐼 ҧ = 𝐼∠90°
𝑑𝑡 ഥ
f = 50 Hz
𝑽 𝑽∠𝟎° 𝑉
= = −𝒋𝑿𝑪 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝑋𝐶
ത𝑰 𝑰∠𝟗𝟎° 𝐼
𝑿𝑪 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
Graphical Representation Mathematical Representation
𝒗(𝒕) 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
Amplitude →

𝐢(𝒕)
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 90°)
Phasor Representation
𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔

𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔
Time →
Monday, November 11,
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 8
2019
Power Associated – Pure capacitive Circuit
Amplitude

𝑃 𝑡
𝑣 𝑡

𝑖 𝑡

0.02 0.04 0.06

Time(sec)

Instantaneous power, 𝑻
𝟏
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 . 𝑖(𝑡) 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓, 𝑷 = න 𝒑 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻
= 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 . sin(𝜔𝑡 + 90 °) 𝟎

𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟎
= sin 2𝜔𝑡
2
Monday, November 11,
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 9
2019
Summary
 Sinusoidal alternating signals of same frequency can be represented
graphically by Phasors
 Define: Inductive and capacitive Reactances

R L C
Voltage, current v(t) in phase with I(t) i(t) lags v(t) by 90° i(t) leads v(t) by 90°
relationship
Power associated 𝑉2 𝐼 2 𝑋𝐿 𝐼 2 𝑋𝐶
𝐼2𝑅= (Reactive Power) (Reactive Power)
𝑅
(Active Power)

Monday, November 11,

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 10
2019