Scribd
Upload
131 views

Electronics 1 Slides

Here are some key issues that would arise: - Volume: A processor using 100 million discrete transistors at 3 mm^3 each would have a minimum volume of 2700 m^3, or a cube over 14 meters on each side. This is impractically large. - Speed: Signals would need to traverse distances of over 14 meters between components, slowing operations significantly. - Power: Driving signals over such long distances would require enormous amounts of power. - Reliability: A system with so many discrete components spread over such a large volume would be prone to failures and have very low manufacturing yields. Maintaining consistent performance across such a large system would be infeasible. - Cost: The

Uploaded by

Awais Muhammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
131 views

Electronics 1 Slides

Here are some key issues that would arise: - Volume: A processor using 100 million discrete transistors at 3 mm^3 each would have a minimum volume of 2700 m^3, or a cube over 14 meters on each side. This is impractically large. - Speed: Signals would need to traverse distances of over 14 meters between components, slowing operations significantly. - Power: Driving signals over such long distances would require enormous amounts of power. - Reliability: A system with so many discrete components spread over such a large volume would be prone to failures and have very low manufacturing yields. Maintaining consistent performance across such a large system would be infeasible. - Cost: The

Uploaded by

Awais Muhammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

MTS-233

Electronics Devices and


Principles
Hasan Habib
General Course Description
• Subject name : Electronics Devices and Principles

• Subject Code: MTS-233

• Credit Hours : 3-1


Course Objectives
• By the end of the course you will (hopefully)

 Understand the fundamental principles of semi conductor physics


driving modern microelectronics
 Know how stuff like diodes, transistors and op amps work… purpose,
operation and analysis
 Able to solve complex circuits involving these devices for various
unknowns
Course Outcomes
S/No Outcomes PLO
1 Comprehend large-signal model and small-signal model circuit models for diodes 1
2 Apply device models and tools to analyze and investigate behaviour of circuits involving diodes using DC and AC 2
analysis

3 Design and/or implement circuits for various electronic circuit applications using diodes (like 3
rectification, logic gates etc.)

4 Comprehend large-signal model and small-signal model circuit models for transistors 1

5 Apply device models and tools to analyze and investigate behaviour of circuits involving transistors using DC and 2
AC analysis

6 Design and/or implement circuits for various electronic circuit applications using transistors (like 3
amplification and switching)

7 Construct prescribed electronic circuits, obtain measurements from and, if necessary, troubleshoot/debug the 3
circuit by using modern electronic instruments such as oscilloscope, digital millimetres etc., describe and
explain its behaviour and performance
Course Literature
• Text Book

–A.S. Sedra & K.C. Smith, “Microelectronic Circuits”, 6th Edition, Oxford University Press

• Reference Books

B. Razavi, “Fundamentals of Microelectronics”


R. Bolyestad and L. Nashelsky, “Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory”, 7th ed, Prentice Hall
Millman Grabel, “Microelectronics”, Prentice Hall, McGraw Hil

• Mode of Teaching

–Lectures
–Practical (Labs)
–Projects
Marks Distribution

Final=50%

Sessionalx2=30%

Quizes=10%

Assignments=10%

Total Marks=100
Theory=75%
Lab Works=25%
Code of Ethics
Program Learning Outcomes

• PLO-1 • Engineering Knowledge


• PLO-2 • Problem Analysis
• PLO-3 • Design and Development
You need to bring along your notepad, a
calculator and an open mind!
Electronics
• Electronics – branch of electrical engineering
that deals with active electrical components
such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and
integrated circuits (ICs) [1]
• Design and application of electron devices [2]

[1] Wikipedia [2] Jaeger, Blalock “Microelectronic Circuit Design” McGraw Hill
Active and Passive Electronic Components

• Active Electronic Components


• They rely on a source of energy

• Passive Electronic Components


• They do not rely on a source of power
Electronics

http://www.reatechnologies.com/circuitbrd.html
Electronics

Wikipedia
IC

Discrete
diode Discrete
transistor

www.sparkfun.com
Transistor Packaging
• Discrete Transistors:
• Individually Packed Transistors
• Through Hole

• SMD (Surface Mount Devices)

• BGA (Ball Grid Array)


Examples of modern microelectronics (1/2)
• Cellphone
Examples of modern microelectronics (2/2)
• Digital camera
A little history (1/2)
• First ‘electronics’ activity
came in 1895: First radio
transmission (Marconi)

Marconi's antenna system at Poldhu, Cornwall, December


1901

• Age of Electronics ushered


in by invention of vacuum
tube diode 1904 (Fleming)
A little history
• 1906: Development of Triode
(Leiben/De Forest), which
could amplify signals (good
for telephone signal
transmission
over distances) long

• 1947: The transistor


invented
was at Bell Labs
(Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley,
Nobel Prize in 1956)

• 1959: First integrated


circuit
(Kilby at Texas
Instruments, Nobel Prize in
2000)
Today…
IC

Modern printed circuit board having


capacitors, integrated circuits
First integrated circuit
1958
Size…

Source: ISSCC 2013


Intel Processors
Moore’s Law
• Observation: Number of transistors on ICs will double
approximately every two years (1965 by
Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel)
• 1965: doubling every year for a decade in the
number of components per integrated circuit
• 1975, looking forward to the next decade, he revised
the forecast to doubling every two years till 201x
Level of Integration
Date Levels of integration Discrete
Components/Chip
1950 Discrete 1-2
1960 SSI (small scale < 100
integration)
1966 MSI 100-1000
1969 LSI 1000-10,000
1975 VLSI 10,000-10^9
1990 Ultra LSI > 10^9
2010 Giga Scale I > 10^12?
Level of Integration
Date Levels of integration Discrete
Components/Chip
1950 Discrete 1-2
1960 SSI (small scale < 100
integration)
1966 MSI 100-1000
1969 LSI 1000-10,000
1975 VLSI 10,000-10^9
1990 Ultra LSI > 10^9
2010 Giga Scale I > 10^12?
Visual Interpretation of Moore’s Law
• Suppose
What if…
integrated circuits were not invented and
we atempted to build a processor using
100 million “discrete”
transistors. If each device occupies a volume of 3 mm x 3 mm
x 3 mm, determine the minimum volume for the processor.
What other issues would arise in such an implementation?

• The minimum volume is given by 27 mm3 x 108, i.e., a


cube 1.4 m on each side!
• Slow – signals would need to traverse 1.4 m
• If each discrete transistor weighed 1 g, the processor
would weigh 100 tons
• Power consumption

You might also like