Normalization

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Normalization
The biggest problem needed to be solved in database is
data redundancy.
Why data redundancy is the problem? Because it causes:
Insert Anomaly
Update Anomaly
Delete Anomaly

Teacher Subject Teacher Degree Tel

Sok San Database Master's 012666777

Van Sokhen Database Bachelor's 017678678

Sok San E-Commerce Master's 012666777

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Normalization (Cont.)
Normalization is the process of removing redundant data
from your tables to improve storage efficiency, data
integrity, and scalability.
Normalization generally involves splitting existing tables
into multiple ones, which must be re-joined or linked
each time a query is issued.
Why normalization?
The relation derived from the user view or data store will most
likely be unnormalized.
The problem usually happens when an existing system uses
unstructured file, e.g. in MS Excel.

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Steps of Normalization
First Normal Form (1NF)
Second Normal Form (2NF)
Third Normal Form (3NF)
Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Fourth Normal Form (4NF)
Fifth Normal Form (5NF)

In practice, 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF are enough for database.

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First Normal Form (1NF)
The official qualifications for 1NF are:
1. Each attribute name must be unique.
2. Each attribute value must be single.
3. Each row must be unique.
4. There is no repeating groups.
Additional:
Choose a primary key.

Reminder:
A primary key is unique, not null, unchanged. A primary
key can be either an attribute or combined attributes.

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First Normal Form (1NF) (Cont.)
Example of a table not in 1NF :
Group Topic Student Score
Group A Intro MongoDB Sok San 18 marks
Sao Ry 17 marks
Group B Intro MySQL Chan Tina 19 marks
Tith Sophea 16 marks

It violates the 1NF because:

Attribute values are not single.
Repeating groups exists.

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First Normal Form (1NF) (Cont.)
After eliminating:
Group Topic Family Name Given Name Score
A Intro MongoDB Sok San 18
A Intro MongoDB Sao Ry 17
B Intro MySQL Chan Tina 19
B Intro MySQL Tith Sophea 16

Now it is in 1NF.
However, it might still violate 2NF and so on.

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Example

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Example (Repeating groups)

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Example Data Organization: First
Normal Form

After

Before

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Example
Example
Problem in 1NF
Functional Dependencies
We say an attribute, B, has a functional dependency on another
attribute, A, if for any two records, which have
the same value for A, then the values for B in these two records
must be the same. We illustrate this as:

A -> B (read as: A determines B or B depends on A)

employee name project email address

Sok San POS Mart Sys [email protected]
Sao Ry Univ Mgt Sys [email protected]
Sok San Web Redesign [email protected]
Chan Sokna POS Mart Sys [email protected]
Sao Ry DB Design [email protected]

employee name -> email address

Functional Dependencies (cont.)
EmpNum EmpEmail EmpFname EmpLname
123 [email protected] John Doe
456 [email protected] Peter Smith
555 [email protected] Alan Lee
633 [email protected] Peter Doe
787 [email protected] Alan Lee

If EmpNum is the PK then the FDs:

EmpNum -> EmpEmail, EmpFname, EmpLname
must exist.

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Functional Dependencies (cont.)
EmpNum -> EmpEmail, EmpFname, EmpLname
3 different ways
you might see
FDs depicted
EmpEmail
EmpNum EmpFname

EmpLname

EmpNum EmpEmail EmpFname EmpLname

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Determinant
Functional Dependency

EmpNum -> EmpEmail

Attribute on the left hand side is known as the

determinant
• EmpNum is a determinant of EmpEmail

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Second Normal Form (2NF)

The official qualifications for 2NF are:

1. A table is already in 1NF.
2. All nonkey attributes are fully dependent on the primary
key.
All partial dependencies are removed to place in another table.

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1NF to 2NF –Example
Problems Resolved in 2NF
Problems Remaining in 2NF
 Example of a table not in 2NF:

CourseID SemesterID Num Student Course Name

IT101 201301 25 Database
IT101 201302 25 Database
IT102 201301 30 Web Prog
IT102 201302 35 Web Prog
IT103 201401 20 Networking

Primary Key

The Course Name depends on only CourseID, a part of the primary key
not the whole primary {CourseID, SemesterID}.It’s called partial
dependency.
Solution:
Remove CourseID and Course Name together to create a new table.
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CourseID Course Name CourseID SemesterID Num Student
IT101 Database IT101 201301 25
IT101 Database IT101 201302 25
IT102 Web Prog IT102 201301 30
IT102 Web Prog IT102 201302 35
IT103 Networking IT103 201401 20

Done? Oh no, it is still

not in 1NF yet.
Remove the repeating
groups too.
Finally, connect the CourseID Course Name
relationship. IT101 Database
IT102 Web Prog
IT103 Networking
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Example
Third Normal Form (3NF)
The official qualifications for 3NF are:
1. A table is already in 2NF.
2. Nonprimary key attributes do not depend on other
nonprimary key attributes
(i.e. no transitive dependencies)
All transitive dependencies are removed to place in
another table.

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2NF to 3NF –Example

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Problems Resolved in 3NF

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 Example of a Table not in 3NF:

StudyID Course Name Teacher Name Teacher Tel

1 Database Sok Piseth 012 123 456
2 Database Sao Kanha 0977 322 111
3 Web Prog Chan Veasna 012 412 333
4 Web Prog Chan Veasna 012 412 333
5 Networking Pou Sambath 077 545 221

Primary Key
The Teacher Tel is a nonkey attribute, and
the Teacher Name is also a nonkey atttribute.
But Teacher Tel depends on Teacher Name.
It is called transitive dependency.

Solution:
Remove Teacher Name and Teacher Tel together
to create a new table.
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 Done?
Teacher Name Teacher Tel
Oh no, it is still not in 1NF yet.
Sok Piseth 012 123 456 Remove Repeating row.
Sao Kanha 0977 322 111
StudyID Course Name T.ID
Chan Veasna 012 412 333
1 Database T1
Chan Veasna 012 412 333
2 Database T2
Pou Sambath 077 545 221
3 Web Prog T3
Teacher Name Teacher Tel 4 Web Prog T3
Sok Piseth 012 123 456 5 Networking T4
Sao Kanha 0977 322 111
Chan Veasna 012 412 333
Pou Sambath 077 545 221

Note about primary key: ID Teacher Name Teacher Tel

-In theory, you can choose T1 Sok Piseth 012 123 456
Teacher Name to be a primary key. T2 Sao Kanha 0977 322 111
-But in practice, you should add
T3 Chan Veasna 012 412 333
Teacher ID as the primary key.
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Boyce Codd Normal Form (BCNF) – 3.5NF
The official qualifications for BCNF are:
1. A table is already in 3NF.
2. All determinants must be superkeys.
All determinants that are not superkeys are removed to place in
another table.

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Boyce Codd Normal Form (BCNF) (Cont.)
Example of a table not in BCNF:
Student Course Teacher
Sok DB John
Sao DB William
Chan E-Commerce Todd
Sok E-Commerce Todd
Chan DB William
Key: {Student, Course}
Functional Dependency:
{Student, Course} Teacher
Teacher Course
Problem: Teacher is not a superkey but determines Course.
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 Solution: Decouple a table
Student Course
contains Teacher and Course
Sok DB from from original table (Student,
Sao DB Course). Finally, connect the new
and old table to third table
Chan E-Commerce contains Course.
Sok E-Commerce
Chan DB Course
DB
E-Commerce
Course Teacher
DB John
DB William
E-Commerce Todd

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Forth Normal Form (4NF)
The official qualifications for 4NF are:
1. A table is already in BCNF.
2. A table contains no multi-valued dependencies.

Multi-valued dependency: MVDs occur when two

or more independent multi valued facts about the
same attribute occur within the same table.
A -> -> B (B multi-valued depends on A)

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Forth Normal Form (4NF) (Cont.)
Example of a table not in 4NF:
Student Major Hobby
Sok IT Football
Sok IT Volleyball
Sao IT Football
Sao Med Football
Chan IT NULL
Puth NULL Football
Tith NULL NULL

Key: {Student, Major, Hobby}

MVD: Student -> -> Major, Hobby

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Solution: Decouple to each Student Major
table contains MVD. Finally, Sok IT
connect each to a third table
contains Student. Sao IT
Sao Med
Student Chan IT
Sok Puth NULL
Sao Tith NULL
Chan
Puth Student Hobby
Tith Sok Football
Sok Volleyball
Sao Football
Chan NULL
Puth Football
Tith NULL

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Fifth Normal Form (5NF)
The official qualifications for 5NF are:
1. A table is already in 4NF.
2. The attributes of multi-valued dependencies are related.

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Fifth Normal Form (5NF) (Cont.)
Example of a table not in 5NF:
Seller Company Product
Sok MIAF Trading Zenya
Sao Coca-Cola Corp Coke
Sao Coca-Cola Corp Fanta
Sao Coca-Cola Corp Sprite
Chan Angkor Brewery Angkor Beer
Chan Cambodia Brewery Cambodia Beer

Key: {Seller, Company, Product}

MVD: Seller -> -> Company, Product
Product is related to Company.

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 Company
Seller Company
Seller 1 M Sok 1 MIAF Trading
MIAF Trading
Sok Coca-Cola Corp
Sao Coca-Cola Corp
Sao Angkor Brewery
Chan Angkor Brewery
Chan Cambodia Brewery
Chan Cambodia Brewery
1 1

M
M
1 Company Product
Seller Product
MIAF Trading Zenya
Sok Zenya
M Coca-Cola Corp Coke
Sao Coke
Product Coca-Cola Corp Fanta
Sao Fanta
Zenya Coca-Cola Corp Sprite
Sao Sprite
Coke Angkor Brewery Angkor Beer
Chan Angkor Beer
Fanta Cambodia Cambodia
Chan Cambodia Brewery Beer
Sprite
Beer M
Angkor Beer 1
Cambodia Beer
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