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Data Organization: Seat Number: 22 Name: Reynald T. Gurion

This document discusses various methods of organizing data in research, including frequency distribution tables, stem and leaf diagrams, charts, and graphs. It provides examples and guidelines for constructing tables, diagrams, bar charts, pie charts, line charts, and histograms. Proper data organization is important for research as it helps validate findings and allows researchers to analyze data to answer questions.

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52 views

Data Organization: Seat Number: 22 Name: Reynald T. Gurion

This document discusses various methods of organizing data in research, including frequency distribution tables, stem and leaf diagrams, charts, and graphs. It provides examples and guidelines for constructing tables, diagrams, bar charts, pie charts, line charts, and histograms. Proper data organization is important for research as it helps validate findings and allows researchers to analyze data to answer questions.

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게이밍미라클
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Seat Number: 22

Name: Reynald T. Gurion

DATA ORGANIZATION
WHAT IS DATA ORGANIZATION?

 A process organizing collected factual material


commonly accepted in the scientific community
as necessary to validate research findings.
 “Research data is data that is collected,
observed, or created, for purposes of analysis to
produce original research results”(Boston
University Libraries, n.d.a).
WHY IS DATA IMPORTANT IN RESEARCH?

- Data are intended to represent facts


and without proper preservation of the
context of collection and interpretation,
may become meaningless (Boston
University Libraries, n.d.a).
WHY IS DATA IMPORTANT IN RESEARCH?

- The collection of data and its analysis


assists researchers with discovering answers to
their research questions and hypotheses. In
some cases, it even predicts future outcomes
(Office of Research Integrity, n.d.a).
WAYS OF ORGANIZING DATA IN RESEARCH

1. Frequency Distribution Table


2. Stem and Leaf Diagram
3. Chart
1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

To construct a frequency table, We use the


following steps:

1. Construct a table with three columns.


Then in the first column, write down all
of the data values in ascending order.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

2. To complete the second column, go


through the list of data values and place
one tally mark at the appropriate place in
the second column for every data value.
When the fifth tally is reached for a mark,
draw a diagonal line through the first four
tally marks. We continue this process until
all data values in the list are tallied.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

3. Count the number of tally marks for


each data value and write it in the third
column.
TYPES OF FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION

A. CATEGORICAL/ UNGROUP
B. GROUP
CATEGORICAL/ UNGROUP

- Determine the order to list the categories


then total the number of occurrences of each
category.

Example: The following data represents the scores of 10


students:
8 6 4 5 8 8 9 10 10 6
Construct a table with three columns. The first
column shows what is being arranged in
ascending order (i.e. the scores). The lowest mark
is 4. So, start from 4 in the first column as shown
below. The second column is Tally, third is
frequency.

SCORE TALLY FREQUENCY


4 I 1
5 I 1
6 II 2
7 0 0
8 III 3
9 I 1
10 II 2
GROUP

- It refers to data being organized into groups


known as classes.

Guidelines:
1. Use between 5 – 20 classes
2. Classes are mutually exclusive
3. Include all classes even if the frequency is zero
4. Use the same width for all classes
GROUP

Guidelines:
5. Use convenient numbers for the class limit
6. The sum of the frequency must total the data
set
7. Have enough classes for all the data
8. Remember to use 0 if the class has no data,
don’t leave it blank.
The following data represents the ages of 20
respondents 21 26 18 45 32 41 42 22 28 26 33 20 26
44 46 21 24 36 39 30
1. Determine the highest and lowest value and then
compute the Range:
Range = Highest value- Lowest value, Range = 46 - 18
= 28.
2. Decide how many numbers of classes you want to
have.
Example: 5 Classes
3. Compute the Class width or class interval
i = Class Interval = Range/number of Classes = 28/5 = 5.6 or 6
or you may use the equation below:
Log number of Observation/log2 or 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
4. Lower class limit (Smallest number of each class)
and upper class limit (largest number of each
class) Example: LCL = 18,24,30,36,42 UCL =
23,29,35,41,47
5. Class Boundaries – The number that separates
the classes from one another by Subtracting .5 to
Lower limit and add .5 to upper limit of each class.
Example: (LL) 18 - .5 = 17.5 (Class Boundary) and
(UP) 23 + .5 = 23.5 (Class Boundary)
GROUP

 we proceed as follows:

AGE TALLY FREQUENCY

18-23 IIIII 5

24-29 IIIIII 6

30-35 III 3

36-41 II 2

42-47 IIII 4
2. STEM AND LEAF DIAGRAM

 A method used to organize statistical data that


helps us to see values according to their size, so
we can order them accordingly. In a stem-and-
leaf diagram, each data value is split into a stem
and a leaf. The leaf is the last digit to the right.
The stem is the remaining digits to the left. For
the number 243, the stem is 24 and the leaf is 3.
Example: The following data represents the
science test scores for the third grading period
(out of 100%):
97 92 77 82 96 75 68 80 79 96
21 34 55 84 87 68 87 88 97 81

STEM LEAVES

2 1
3 4
5 5
6 88
7 579
8 0124778
9 26677
3. GRAPH OR CHART

- Graphs or charts condense large amounts


of information into easy-to-understand
formats that clearly and effectively
communicate important points.

TYPES OF CHART
a. Bar Chart
b. Pie Chart
c. Line Chart
d. Histogram
BAR CHART

- composed of discrete bars that


represent different categories of data. The
length or height of the bar is equal to the
quantity within that category of data. Bar
graphs are best used to compare values
across categories.
BAR CHART

Example: The following data represents Peters’


Grades in Science subject for 1st – 4th quarter.

QUARTER GRADES Grades in Science subject for 1st – 4th quarter.

FIRST 84

SECOND 90

THIRD 89

FOURTH 93
PIE CHART

- A circular chart used to compare parts


of the whole. It is divided into sectors that
are equal in size to the quantity
represented.
PIE CHART

 Example: The following data represent


the monthly household expenses of Rich
family.
Household Amount monthly household expenses
expenses
Internet 1000

Electricity 2000

Grocery 4000

Other 3000
LINE CHART

 Displays the relationship between two types of information,


such as number of school personnel trained by year. They are
useful in illustrating trends over time.
 Example: The following data shows daily temperature in
Luna, La Union, recorded for 5 days in Degrees Celsius

DAYS °C recorded for 5 days in Degrees Celsius

MONDAY 29
TUESDAY 33
WEDNESDAY 31

THURSDAY 36
FRIDAY 34
HISTOGRAM

- connected bars that display the


frequency or proportion of cases that fall
within defined intervals or columns. The
bars on the histogram can be of varying
width and typically display continuous
data.
HISTOGRAM

 Example: The following data represents the


number of respondents aged 8-55 who are
disabled.

AGE FREQUENC
Y
8-15 10
16-23 14
24-31 19
32-39 12
40-47 14
48-55 25
GUIDELINES FOR FORMATTING
CHARTS

 Keep it simple and avoid flashy special effects.


Present only essential information. Avoid using
gratuitous options in graphical software programs,
such as three-dimensional bars, that confuse the
reader. If the graph or chart is too complex, it will
not clearly communicate the important points.
 Title your graph or chart clearly to convey the
purpose. The title provides the reader with the
overall message you are conveying.
GUIDELINES FOR FORMATTING
CHARTS

 Specify the units of measurement on the x and y-


axis. Years, number of participants trained, and
type of school personnel are examples of labels
for units of measurement.
 Label each part of the chart or graph. You may
need a legend if there is too much information to
label each part of the chart or graph. Use
different colors or variations in patterns to help
the reader distinguish categories and understand
your graph or chart.
REFERENCE

HTTPS://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/ROWELLBALALA/DATA-
ORGANIZATION-75907598?QID=1223A148-2B4E-49E6-BCC9-
47A0E69691B2&V=&B=&FROM_SEARCH=3

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