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Computer Network - CS610 Power Point Slides Lecture 13

This document discusses different techniques for extending local area networks (LANs) beyond their normal distance limitations. It describes how fiber optic extensions can extend LANs across several kilometers by converting digital data to light pulses. Repeaters amplify weakening electrical signals to double or triple the maximum cable length, while bridges recognize frame formats, discard errors, and only forward correct frames between segments.

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Ibrahim Choudary
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
77 views

Computer Network - CS610 Power Point Slides Lecture 13

This document discusses different techniques for extending local area networks (LANs) beyond their normal distance limitations. It describes how fiber optic extensions can extend LANs across several kilometers by converting digital data to light pulses. Repeaters amplify weakening electrical signals to double or triple the maximum cable length, while bridges recognize frame formats, discard errors, and only forward correct frames between segments.

Uploaded by

Ibrahim Choudary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER NETWORKS

CS610
Lecture-13
Hammad Khalid Khan
Review Lecture 12

 Wiring Schemes
– 10 Base-T
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wiring Schemes
 The Topology Paradox
 NICs and Wiring Scheme
 Categories of Wires
Wiring Schemes and Other Network
Technologies
 Multiple wiring schemes are not limited to Ethernet
technology. Almost all other network technologies use
different wiring schemes

 Localtalk uses Hubs (Physical Star) to simulate a bus


topology

 IBMs Token Ring also uses Hubs (Physically a Star


Topology) to simulate a logical ring network
Wiring Schemes and Other Network
Technologies
Chapter No 11

Extending LANs: Fiber Modems, Repeaters, Bridges,


and Switches
Introduction

 LAN technologies are designed to operate within the same


building

 However most companies or institutions have offices located


far apart from each other
Distance Limitation And LAN Design

 The maximum cable length of a LAN is fixed, because:


– The electrical signal level gets weaker as it travels
– The delays must be short to allow access mechanisms
(CSMA/CD, token passing), work properly
Distance Limitation And LAN Design
LAN Extensions
 Several techniques extend diameter of LAN medium

 Most techniques use additional hardware

 LAN signals relayed between LAN segments



 Resulting mixed technology stays within original engineering
constraints while spanning greater distance
Fiber Optic Extensions
Fiber Optic Extensions
 The Fiber Modems:
– Convert digital data into pulses of light
– Transmit over the optical fiber
– Receive light and convert into digital data
 Because
– Delays on optical fiber is low and
– Bandwidth is high
– This mechanism will successfully extend the LAN across
several kilometers
Fiber Optic Extensions
Fiber Optic Extensions
Repeaters
 Fact: Electrical signals gets weaker while travelling over
copper

 A repeater (a hardware device)


– Amplify the weakenning signals received from one
segment

– And retransmit them on to another segment


Repeaters
Repeaters

 One repeater doubles, two repeaters triples the maximum


cable lenght limitation

 Computers attached to different segments communicate as if


they are connected to the same cable
Repeaters
 Question: Can we increase the maximum cable lenght as
many times as we wish by just adding repeaters?
 Answer: No
– Every repeater introduces a delay
– Access mechanisms such as CSMA/CD does not work
with long delays
– Ethernet standard specifies that any two stations cannot be
seperated by more than four repeaters
Repeaters
 Using a vertical
segment:
– Only two
repeaters
seperate any two
stations in this
scheme
Repeaters
 Disadvantages:
– Repeaters do not recognize frame formats, they just
amplify and retransmit the electrical signals.
– If a collision or error occurs in one segment,
– Repeaters amplify and retransmits also the error onto
the other segments
An Ethernet Repeater (Front)
An Ethernet Repeater (Back)
Bridges
 A Bridge is a hardware device also used to connect two LAN
segments to extend a LAN
 Unlike a repeater, a bridge:
– Uses two NICs, to connect two segments
– Listens to the all traffic
– Recognizes frame format
– Forwards only correct, complete frames
– Discards the collided and errored frames
An Ethernet Bridge
Frame Filtering
 A typical bridge has two NICs, a CPU, a memory and a ROM

 It only runs the code stored in its ROM

 The most important task a bridge performs is frame filtering


Frame Filtering
 If both the source and destination are on the same segment, it
does not forward the frame to the other segment

 A frame is forwarded to the other segment, if the frame is


destined to the that segment

 Broadcast and multicast frames are also forwarded


Frame Filtering

 Question: How does a bridge know on which segment a


destination computer is attached?

 Answer: It keeps a list for each segment that consists of


physical addresses of the computers attached to that segment
Frame Filtering
 Question: How does a bridge build up address lists?

 Answer: Most bridges are self learning bridges


– As soon as a frame arrives to a bridge
– It extracts the source address from its header and
– Automatically adds it in the list for that segment
Frame Filtering
Summary
 Distance Limitation on LANs

 Fiber Optic Extensions

 Repeaters

 Bridges

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