Internal

Combustion
engines
Introduction
Classification of I.C. engines ,
Engine details,
I.C.Engine terminology ,
Otto four stroke petrol Engine , Four stroke diesel Engine ,
Difference between petrol engine and diesel engine , Two
stroke cycle engines ,
Difference between two stroke and four stroke cycle engines ,
Indicated Power (I.P.) ,
Efficiencies
 A heat engine is a system that converts heat or
thermal energy to mechanical energy, which can then
be used to do mechanical work

 On the basis of how thermal energy is being delivered

to working fluid of the heat engine, heat engine can be
classified as an internal combustion engine and
external combustion engine.
 In 1876 four stroke engine based on Otto cycle was developed by a German engineer
Nikolous Otto. Diesel Engine was developed by another German engineer Rudolf Diesel in the
year 1892.
Engine refers as “Heat engine is a device which converts chemical energy of fuel into Heat
energy and this Heat energy further convert into mechanical work”.
Based on where the combustion of fuel take place. Whether outside the working cylinder or
inside the working cylinder
(a) External combustion engines (E.C.ENGINES), (b) Internal combustion engines
(I.C.ENGINES)

I . C. ENGINES E. C.
ENGINES Fuel combustion take place outside the cylinder.
Fuel combustion take place inside the cylinder .

Compact in size and more efficient. Larger in size and less efficient.

Low initial cost. More initial cost.

Working fluid is mixture of air and fuel. Working fluid is steam.

Easier and quick starting of these engines. Starting is difficult and more time is required.

Costly fuels are required like petrol and diesel. Cheaper fuel may be used like coal.

More suitable for mobile applications. Less suitable for mobile applications.
 I.C.ENGINES are may be classified according to
• Type of fuel used as (1)Petrol engine (2)Diesel engine (3)Gas engines (4)Bi-fuel engine (two fuel engine)
• Nature of thermodynamic cycle as: (1)Otto cycle engine (2)Diesel engine cycle (3) Duel or mixed cycle engine
• Number of stroke per cycle as : (1) Four stroke engine (2) Two stroke engine
• Method of ignition as : (1) Spark Ignition engines (Mixture of air and fuel is ignited by electric spark)
(2) Compression Ignition engines (The fuel is ignited as it comes in contact with hot Compressed air)
• Method of Cooling as : (1) Air cooled engines (2) Water cooled engines
• Speed of the engines as : (1) Low speed engines (2) Medium speed engines (3) High speed engines
• Number of cylinder as : (1) Single cylinder engines (2) Multi cylinder engines
• Position of the cylinder as : (1) Inline engines (2) V-engines (3) Radial engines (4) Opposed cylinder engines
(4) Opposed piston engines

Inline Engine V- Engine Opposed Piston Engine

Internal combustion engines may be classified as :
– Spark Ignition engines.
– Compression Ignition engines.
• Spark ignition engine (SI engine): An engine in which the
combustion process in each cycle is started by use of an
external spark.
• Compression ignition engine (CI engine): An engine in
which the combustion process starts when the air-fuel
mixture self ignites due to high temperature in the
combustion chamber caused by high compression.
– Spark ignition and Compression Ignition engine
operate on either a four stroke cycle or a two
stroke cycle.
 Internal combustion Engine Components:
 I.C. Engine components shown in figure are defined as follows:
• Block : Body of the engine containing cylinders, made of cast
iron or aluminium.
• Cylinder : The circular cylinders in the engine block in which
the pistons reciprocate back and forth.
• Head : The piece which closes the end of the cylinders,
usually containing part of the clearance volume of the
combustion chamber.
• Combustion chamber: The end of the cylinder between the
head and the piston face where combustion occurs.
– The size of combustion chamber continuously changes from
minimum volume when the piston is at TDC to a maximum
volume when the piston at BDC.
• Crankshaft : Rotating shaft through which engine work
output is supplied to external systems.
– The crankshaft is connected to the engine block with
the main bearings.
– It is rotated by the reciprocating pistons through the
connecting rods connected to the crankshaft, offset
from the axis of rotation. This offset is sometimes
called crank throw or crank radius.
• Connecting rod : Rod connecting the piston with the rotating
crankshaft, usually made of steel or alloy forging in most
engines but may be aluminum in some small engines.
• Piston rings: Metal rings that fit into circumferential grooves
around the piston and form a sliding surface against the
cylinder walls.
• Camshaft : Rotating shaft used to push open valves at
the proper time in the engine cycle, either directly or
through mechanical or hydraulic linkage (push rods,
rocker arms, tappets) .
• Push rods : The mechanical linkage between the
camshaft and valves on overhead valve engines with the
camshaft in the crankcase.
• Crankcase : Part of the engine block surrounding the
crankshaft.
– In many engines the oil pan makes up part of the
crankcase housing.
• Exhaust manifold : Piping system which carries exhaust
gases away from the engine cylinders, usually made of
cast iron .
• Intake manifold :Piping system which delivers incoming
air to the cylinders, usually made of cast metal, plastic, or
composite material.
– In most SI engines, fuel is added to the air in the intake
manifold system either by fuel injectors or with a
carburetor.
– The individual pipe to a single cylinder is called runner.
• Carburetor : A device which meters the proper amount of
fuel into the air flow by means of pressure differential.
– For many decades it was the basic fuel metering system
on all automobile (and other) engines.
• Spark plug : Electrical device used to initiate combustion
in an SI engine by creating high voltage discharge across
an electrode gap.
 The four stroke petrol engines works on the principle of theoretical Otto cycle.
also known as constant volume cycle. shown in Fig below

In four stroke Petrol engine the vale operating for inlet is called inlet valve
and the valve operating for exhaust is called Exhaust valve. In Petrol
engine SPARK plug fitted at the top of cylinder head initiates the ignition
of the air fuel mixture.
The piston performs four strokes to complete one working cycle.The four
different strokes are ; (1) SUCTION STROKE (2) COMPRESSION
STROKE (3) POWER STROKE (4) EXHAUST STROKE.
Four stroke Petrol Engine
Pistons Position During The Four Stroke Cycle
 Four strokes of SI Engine Cycle :
Suction/Intake stroke: Intake of air fuel mixture in cylinder
through intake manifold.
– The piston travel from TDC to BDC with the intake
valve open and exhaust valve closed.
– This creates an increasing volume in the combustion
chamber, which in turns creates a vacuum.
– The resulting pressure differential through the intake
system from atmospheric pressure on the outside to
the vacuum on the inside causes air to be pushed into
the cylinder.
– As the air passes through the intake system fuel is
added to it in the desired amount by means of fuel
injectors or a carburettor.
Figure4: Suction stroke
• Compression stroke: When the piston reaches
BDC, the intake valve closes and the piston
travels back to TDC with all valves closed.
– This compresses air fuel mixture, raising
both the pressure and temperature in the
cylinder.
– Near the end of the compression stroke the
spark plug is fired and the combustion is
initiated.
Figure5: Compression Stroke
• Combustion of the air-fuel mixture occurs in a very
short but finite length of time with the piston near
TDC (i.e., nearly constant volume combustion).
– It starts near the end of the compression stroke
slightly before TDC and lasts into the power stroke
slightly after TDC.
– Combustion changes the composition of the gas
mixture to that of exhaust products and increases
the temperature in the cylinder to a high value.
– This in turn increases the pressure in the cylinder
to a high value.
Figure6: Combustion followed by Expansion stroke.
• Expansion stroke/Power stroke : With all valves
closed the high pressure created by the combustion
process pushes the piston away from the TDC.
– This is the stroke which produces work output of
the engine cycle.
– As the piston travels from TDC to BDC, cylinder
volume is increased, causing pressure and
temperature to drop.
• Exhaust Blowdown : Late in the power stroke, the
exhaust valve is opened and exhaust blowdown occurs.
– Pressure and temperature in the cylinder are still
high relative to the surroundings at this point, and
a pressure differential is created through the
exhaust system which is open to atmospheric
pressure.
– This pressure differential causes much of the hot
exhaust gas to be pushed out of the cylinder and
through the exhaust system when the piston is
near BDC.
– This exhaust gas carries away a high amount of
enthalpy, which lowers the cycle thermal
efficiency.
– Opening the exhaust valve before BDC reduces
Figure7: Exhaust blowdown followed by Exhaust stroke
• Exhaust stroke: By the time piston reaches BDC, exhaust
blowdown is complete, but the cylinder is still full of exhaust
gases at approximately atmospheric pressure.
– With the exhaust valve remaining open, the piston
travels from BDC to TDC in the exhaust stroke.
– This pushes most of the remaining exhaust gases out
of the cylinder into the exhaust system at about
atmospheric pressure, leaving only that trapped in the
clearance volume when the piston reaches TDC.
– Near the end of the exhaust stroke before TDC,
the intake valve starts to open, so that it is fully
open by TDC when the new intake stroke starts
the next cycle.
– Near TDC the exhaust valve starts to close and
finally is fully closed sometime after TDC.
– This period when both the intake valve and
exhaust valve are open is called valve overlap, it
can be clearly seen in valve timing chart given
below.
The four stroke Diesel Engine works on the principle of Diesel Cycle , also called
CONSTANT PRESSURE HEAT ADDITION PROCESS shown in Fig.

The four stroke Diesel engine is also consists of SUCTION,

COMPRESSION,POWER and EXHAUST strokes.

The basic construction of a four stroke diesel engine is same as that of four
stroke petrol engine, except instead of spark plug, a fuel injector is mounted in its
place .
Four Stroke Diesel Engine
Four strokes of CI Engine Cycle :
• Intake/Suction Stroke : The same as the intake stroke
in an SI engine with one major difference : no fuel is
added to the incoming air, refer figure 10.
• Compression Stroke : The same as in an SI engine
except that only air is compressed and compression is to
higher pressures and temperature, refer figure11.
– Late in the compression stroke fuel is injected
directly into the combustion chamber, where it
mixes with very hot air.
– This causes the fuel to evaporate and self ignite,
causing combustion to start.
» Combustion is fully developed by TDC and continues at
about constant pressure until fuel injection is complete
and the piston has started towards BDC, refer figure12.
Figure12:Fuel injection and combustion followed by Expansion
stroke .
 The basic differences between Petrol and Diesel Engine given below .
PETROL ENGINE DIESEL ENGINE
 Works on Otto cycle . Works on Diesel Cycle .
Diesel is used as fuel .
 Petrol is used as fuel .

 Air and fuel mixture enters in cylinder during Only Air is drawn during the suction stroke .

suction stroke . Low compression ratio ranging from 6 to High compression ratio ranging from14 to 20 . The fuel injector is

used in Diesel engine.

10 .
Low to medium engine speed ranging from 500 to 1500 RPM.
 The compressed charge is ignited by the spark
The Thermal efficiency is higher due to high Compression ratio .
plug. High engine speed of about 3000 RPM .
Heavier in Weight because maximum pressure and temperature is
 The Thermal efficiency is lower due to lower
high .
Compression ratio .

 Lighter in weight because maximum pressure and More Costlier .

Temperature is less .
Maintanence cost is Slightly higher .
 Less Costlier .

 Maintanence cost is Less . Difficult to start in cold weather .

 Easier starting even in cold weather . Running cost is Less because diesel is Cheaper .
 Running cost Higher because petrol is Costlier .
As the name itself implies, all the processes in two stroke cycle
engine are completed in two strokes.
In four stroke engine cycle Two complete revolutions of crank
shaft is required for completing one cycle .
In two stroke Engine, cycle Operations, Suction , Compression ,
Expansion and Exhaust are completed in One Complete
revolution of the crank shaft.
These engines have one Power stroke per revolution of the
crank shaft.
In two stroke engines there is two openings called PORTS are
provided in place of valves of four stroke engines.
These Ports are opened and closed by Reciprocating Motion of
the Piston in the Cylinder.
One port is known as INLET PORT and another port is known
as EXHAUST PORT .
 FOUR STROKE ENGINES TWO STROKE ENGINE
Four piston strokes require to complete one cycle . Only two piston strokes required to complete one cycle .

Two complete revolutions of crank shaft is required to complete one Only one complete revolution of crank shaft is required to complete
cycle. one cycle .
Equal to half of the speed of engine crank shaft . Number of power Equal to the speed of engine crank shaft . Number of power
stroke/min. n=N/2 stroke/min. n=N

Power is developed in every alternate revolution of crank shaft . Power is also developed in every revolution of crank shaft hence for
same cylinder.
The power is developed in every alternate revolution, hence heavy The power is developed in every revolution , hence lighter flywheel
fly wheel is required . is required .
These engines are Heavier, larger and required more space. These engine are lighter more compact and require less space.

The inlet and exhaust valve are require and they are operated by In place of valve, ports are used which opens and close by motion of
valve operated by valve operating mechanism. piston itself.
Lubricating oil consumption is less . Lubricating oil consumption is more because lubricating oil is mixed
with fuel

Thermal efficiency is higher . Less Thermal efficiency.

Mechanical efficiency is Low because of more number of moving Mechanical efficiency is High because of less number of moving
parts . parts .
These Engines are used basically in High Power Application Where These Engines are used basically in Low Power Application Where
more space is available like Cars , Truck, Tractors , Buses etc . less space is available like Mopeds ,Scooters ,Motor cycle etc .
 B.P.
I .P.  mech 

I .P.
 
it
m  C .V
f

B.P.
 bt
m f  C .V


 
it


rel
a ir
 1
(r )  1
  1
air

1    1 
air  1  1  
(r)   (  1) 

mf
SF C  kg / k W h
B.P.
 Applications of IC Engines
I.C. engines have many applications, including:
 Road vehicles(e.g. scooter , motorcycle , buses etc.)
 Aircraft
 Motorboats
 Small machines, such as lawn mowers, chainsaws
and portable engine-generators
 Advantages of IC engine
 An internal combustion engine is compact and lighter.
 An internal combustion engine can be started
 immediately.
 An internal combustion engine is quite safe to use.
 An internal combustion engine has higher efficiency
 than external combustion engine.
Thank you….