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5 Energy Analysis of Closed System

1. The document discusses energy analysis of closed systems, including definitions of work, moving boundary work, and polytropic processes. 2. It also covers the energy balance equation for closed systems undergoing a cycle, where the net work output equals the net heat input. 3. Specific heats of ideal gases are discussed, relating the change in internal energy and enthalpy to temperature change using specific heats.

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55 views30 pages

5 Energy Analysis of Closed System

1. The document discusses energy analysis of closed systems, including definitions of work, moving boundary work, and polytropic processes. 2. It also covers the energy balance equation for closed systems undergoing a cycle, where the net work output equals the net heat input. 3. Specific heats of ideal gases are discussed, relating the change in internal energy and enthalpy to temperature change using specific heats.

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Reparr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lesson 4: Energy Analysis of Closed

Systems
WORK
Work is the energy
transferred as a force acts
on a system through a
distance.
MOVING BOUNDARY WORK
 One form of mechanical work is
associated with the expansion or
compression of a gas in a piston–
cylinder device.
 The expansion and compression
work is often called moving
boundary work or boundary work.
MOVING BOUNDARY WORK
Quasi-equilibrium process
 a process during which the
system remains nearly in
equilibrium at all times.
MOVING BOUNDARY WORK
 The boundary work in the
differential form is equal to the
product of the absolute pressure
P and the differential change in
the volume dV of the system.

 δWb = F ds = PA ds = P dV

2
 Wb = ‫׬‬1 PdV (kJ )
MOVING BOUNDARY WORK

The area under the


process curve on a P-V diagram
is equal, in magnitude, to the
work done during a quasi-
equilibrium expansion or
compression process of a
closed system.
Net Work Done During A Cycle

 The difference
between the work
done by the system
and the work done
on the system.
MOVING BOUNDARY WORK
 General Equation
2
 Wb = ‫׬‬1PdV
 Isobaric process (P = constant)
 Wb = P(V2 – V1)
 Isothermal process (T = constant)
 Wb = P1V1 ln(V2/V1)
= mRT ln(V2/V1)
E.g

 A rigid tank contains air at 500 kPa and


150°C. As a result of heat transfer to the
surroundings, the temperature and
pressure inside the tank drop to 65°C
and 400 kPa, respectively. Determine the
boundary work done during this process.
E.g.

 A piston–cylinder device initially contains


0.4 m3 of air at 100 kPa and 80°C. The
air is now compressed to 0.1 m3 in such
a way that the temperature inside the
cylinder remains constant. Determine
the work done during this process.
E.g.
POLYTROPIC PROCESS

 During actual expansion and


compression processes of
gases, pressure and volume
are often related by:
 PVn = C, `
 where n is the polytropic index
and C is constant.

 P = CV-n
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
 When n=0, p = constant, the process is a
constant pressure or an isobaric process.
 When n=1, pV = constant, and the process is a
constant temperature or an isothermal process.
 When n = ∞, it is called an isometric process.
 When n=k, it is an called isentropic process.
POLYTROPIC PROCESS

Wb = (P2V2 - P1V1)/(1 – n) (kJ)

 For ideal gas:


Wb = mR(T2- T1)/(1 - n) (kJ)
where n ≠ 1
POLYTROPIC PROCESS

 For special cases, where n = 1

Wb = P1V1 ln(V2/V1)
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS

 Energy balance for any system


undergoing any kind of process

Ein – Eout = ΔEsystem (kJ)


ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS

 For a closed system undergoing a cycle, initial and


final states are identical.
 ΔEsystem = E2 - E1 = 0
 Energy balance for a cycle simplifies to: Ein = Eout
 Energy balance for a cycle can be expressed in
terms of heat and work interactions
 Wnet,out = Qnet,in (for a cycle)
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS

The net work output during a


cycle is equal to net heat input.
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS

 Energy balance relation for a closed system


 Qnet,in - Wnet,out =ΔEsystem or Q - W = ΔE

 Heat to be transferred into the system (heat input)


 Q = Qnet,in = (Qin –Qout)
 Work to be done by the system (work output)
 W = Wnet,out = (Wout – Win)
E.g.
 A piston–cylinder device contains 25 g of
saturated water vapor that is maintained at a
constant pressure of 300 kPa. A resistance
heater within the cylinder is turned on and
passes a current of 0.2 A for 5 min from a 120-
V source. At the same time, a heat loss of 3.7
kJ occurs. Determine the final temperature of
the steam.
SPECIFIC HEATS

 The specific heat is defined as the energy


required to raise the temperature of a unit
mass of a substance by one degree.
 Two kinds of specific heats:
 specific heat at constant volume cv
 specific heat at constant pressure cp.
SPECIFIC HEATS

Specific heat at constant


volume, cv: the energy required to
raise the temperature of the unit mass
of a substance by one degree as the
volume is maintained constant.
SPECIFIC HEATS

The energy required to do the


same as the pressure is maintained
constant is the specific heat at
constant pressure, cp.
INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,
AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES

Change in internal energy or enthalpy for


an ideal gas during a process
 u2 - u1 = cv,avg(T2 - T1) (kJ/kg)

 h2 - h1 = cp,avg(T2 - T1) (kJ/kg)


Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases

 Specific heat ratio(k) - Ideal-gas property


 k = Cp/Cv
 Monatomic gases (k = 1.667)
 Diatomic gases, including air
 (k = 1.4 at room temperature)
 The energy content of a given food is
determined by burning a small sample of
the food in a device called a bomb
calorimeter, which is basically a well-
insulated rigid tank
E.g.

 An insulated rigid tank initially contains


1.5 lbm of helium (cv = 0.753 Btu/lbm-°F)
at 80°F and 50 psia. A paddle wheel with
a power rating of 0.02 hp is operated
within the tank for 30 min. Determine (a)
the final temperature and (b) the final
pressure of the helium gas.
Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases

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