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Ac Circuit

- AC circuits have voltages and currents that vary sinusoidally over time. Capacitors cause current to lag voltage by 90 degrees, while inductors cause voltage to lead current by 90 degrees. - RLC circuits have a resonant frequency where impedance is minimized and current is maximized. The resonant frequency depends on the inductance and capacitance values. - Power factors are used to characterize different circuit elements. Resistors have a power factor of 1, while inductors and capacitors have power factors less than 1.

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295 views

Ac Circuit

- AC circuits have voltages and currents that vary sinusoidally over time. Capacitors cause current to lag voltage by 90 degrees, while inductors cause voltage to lead current by 90 degrees. - RLC circuits have a resonant frequency where impedance is minimized and current is maximized. The resonant frequency depends on the inductance and capacitance values. - Power factors are used to characterize different circuit elements. Resistors have a power factor of 1, while inductors and capacitors have power factors less than 1.

Uploaded by

Anonymous aey2L8z4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AC Circuits

• Alternating Voltages and Currents


• Capacitors in AC Circuits
• RC Circuits
• Inductors in AC Circuits
• RLC Circuits
• Resonance in Electrical Circuits
Alternating Voltages and Currents
Wall sockets provide current and voltage that
vary sinusoidally with time.
Here is a simple ac circuit:
Alternating Voltages and Currents
The voltage as a function of time is:

Vmax v

t
v  Vmax sin  t
 2  f
f is the frequency of the waveform
24-1 Alternating Voltages and Currents
If the circuit has only a resistor, the current is given by:

I max
I eff  =0.707 Imax
2
Ieff = IRMS =0.707 Imax
Iave = 0.636 Imax
Alternating Voltages and Currents

v1
v2

t

v1  V1max sin t
v2  V2 max sin (t  )

lags by or we say leads by


Alternating Voltages and Currents

v1
v2

t

v1  V1max cos t
v2  V2 max cos (t  )
Alternating Voltages and Currents
• Because in ac circuits, voltage and current are functions of time:
Power at a particular instant in time is given:

This is called instantaneous power.


p is always positive.
All of the power delivered by the source is absorbed by the load.
Average power P = VmIm / 2
AC Circuits: Resistors only
 Current and voltage are in phase

Average Power (Pave)= Veff Ieff (PF) = Veff Ieff


Average Power (Pave)= VRMS IRMS (PF) = VRMS IRMS

Average power is also called reactive power

Power in R is always positive


Inductors

Capacitors

24-1 Alternating Voltages and Currents
Frequency

Period of Power Wave is half of voltage or current wave

Frequency of Power Wave is twice of voltage or current wave


24-1 Alternating Voltages and Currents

By calculating the power and finding the


average, we see that:

average power P
PF  
apparent power Veff I eff


13
 Since the power factor for sine waves is
PF  cos(   )

 An inductive load has a lagging PF


 Voltage leads current or current lags voltage
 A 
capacitive load has a leading PF
 Voltage lags current or current leads voltage

14
Find the average power delivered to each of the two loads, the
apparent power supplied by the source, and the power factor
of the combined loads.

Answer: 288 W, 144 W, 720 VA, PF=0.6 (lagging)

15
24-1 Alternating Voltages and Currents
Electrical fires can be started by improper or
damaged wiring because of the heat caused by a
too-large current or resistance.
A fuse is designed to be the hottest point in the
circuit – if the current is too high, the fuse melts.
A circuit breaker is similar, except that it is a
bimetallic strip that bends enough to break the
connection when it becomes too hot. When it
cools, it can be reset.
24-2 Capacitors in AC Circuits
In analogy with resistance, we write:
24-2 Capacitors in AC Circuits
The voltage and
current in a capacitor
are not in phase. The
voltage lags by 90°.
24-3 RC Circuits

In an RC circuit, the current across the resistor


and the current across the capacitor are not in
phase. This means that the maximum current is
not the sum of the maximum resistor current
and the maximum capacitor current; they do
not peak at the same time.
24-3 RC Circuits
This phasor diagram
illustrates the phase
relationships. The
voltages across the
capacitor and across the
resistor are at 90° in the
diagram; if they are
added as vectors, we
find the maximum.
24-3 RC Circuits

This has the exact same form as V = IR if we


define the impedance, Z:
24-3 RC Circuits

There is a phase angle


between the voltage and
the current, as seen in the
diagram.
24-3 RC Circuits

The power in the circuit is given by:

Because of this, the factor cos φ is called


the power factor.
24-4 Inductors in AC Circuits

Just as with capacitance, we can define


inductive reactance:
24-4 Inductors in AC Circuits
The voltage across an inductor leads the
current by 90°.
24-4 Inductors in AC Circuits
The power factor for an RL circuit is:

Currents in resistors,
capacitors, and
inductors as a
function of
frequency:
24-5 RLC Circuits
A phasor diagram is a useful way to analyze an
RLC circuit.
24-5 RLC Circuits

The phase angle for an RLC circuit is:

If XL = XC, the phase angle is zero, and the


voltage and current are in phase.

The power factor:


24-5 RLC Circuits
At high frequencies, the capacitive reactance is
very small, while the inductive reactance is very
large. The opposite is true at low frequencies.
24-6 Resonance in Electrical Circuits

The rms voltages across the capacitor and


inductor must be the same; therefore, we can
calculate the resonant frequency.
24-6 Resonance in Electrical Circuits
In an RLC circuit with an ac power source, the
impedance is a minimum at the resonant
frequency:
24-6 Resonance in Electrical Circuits
The smaller the resistance, the larger the
resonant current:
Summary of Chapter 24
• The voltage from an ac generator varies
sinusoidally:

• Phasor represents voltage or current in ac


circuit; as it rotates, its y component gives the
instantaneous value.
• Root mean square (rms) of a sinusoidally
varying quantity:
Summary of Chapter 24

• rms current in a capacitor:

• Capacitive reactance:
• Voltage across capacitor lags current by 90°
• Impedance in an RC circuit:

• Average power:
Summary of Chapter 24
• Inductive reactance:
• Impedance of an RL circuit:

• Impedance of an RLC circuit:

• Resonant frequency of an LC circuit:

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