Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

FIRST of the FOUR PRESENTATION

What do you know about the following
terms?
 Ibid
 Hanging indent
 Superscript
 Block quotation
 Left justified margin
 en dash
 em dash
 plagiarism
 paraphrased text
 Goals/Objectives
 To learn the mechanics of the Chicago
Manual style of Style (CMS) 16th edition
 To learn basic documentation for books,
journals, websites, and other sources
 To apply correct grammar and usage
according to CMS
 To learn how to paraphrase to avoid
plagiarism
 Topics for the 1st Presentation

 What is Chicago (Manual) of Style 16th

ed.?
 How is the CMS different from
Turabian?
 Why Cite?
 When to Cite?
 Types of Footnotes
 Using Footnotes in Text
 Documenting Books
 What is Chicago Style? Why use it?
 The Chicago Manual of Style, is also called
“Turabian Style”
 Chicago Style was established in 1906
 Turabian was created in 1937 when Kate L.
Turabian assembled a guideline for students at
the University of Chicago
 Style provides guidelines for publication in some
of the social sciences and natural & physical
sciences, but most commonly in the humanities
- literature, history, philosophy, and theology
What is Chicago Style?
The Chicago and Turabian styles are
nearly identical.

In “Turabian,” Kate Turabian

synthesizes the rules most important
for students' papers and other
scholarly research not intended for
publication, and omits some of the
publishing details and options that
"Chicago" provides.
The primary difference:
Turabian is shorter and contains fewer
instructions.
 It is a pared-down version designed for
students writing research papers.
The Chicago Manual of Style is designed for
professionals in the field who are publishing
and has a great deal of instruction on
formatting and many other things.
 What is citing?

• To "cite" is to point to evidence,

authority or proof.
• When we use the term “cite” we
refer to the way that you note
the source of your information.
 Why cite?
• Acknowledging ALL your sources is
important:
– to prove that your work has a substantial,
factual basis
– to show the research you've done (in
order) to reach your conclusions
– to allow your readers to identify and
retrieve the references for their own use
– to avoid charges of plagiarism
 When to cite
• Quoting directly
• Paraphrasing
• Using data from other sources,
e.g. diagrams, graphs, maps,
tables, etc.
 When to cite
• Whenever you directly copy the words
of another author (direct quotation).
Ex: Cyprian mentions that he “set a section of
the people at loggerheads with their bishop,
that is to say, he worked to separate the sheep
from their shepherd, and to scatter the
members of Christ.”162
__________
162 Cyprian, Letter 41.1, in ACW, vol. 44, 59.
 When to cite
• Or put their ideas into your own words
(paraphrasing)
Example:
While the martyrs, as the agents of the
Holy Spirit, held a strong prestige during
the time of Perpetua and Tertullian, the
tradition of confessors’ spiritual authority
will be very strong even during the time of
Cyprian.47
____________

Robin Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians (New York:

47
Harper Collins, 1986), 494.
 When to cite
• Or use a figure or diagram that you did
not create, e.g.

Figure 1: Sources and Pathways of Contaminants

 When Not to Cite
• There is no need to cite information
that is common knowledge.
 What is Common Knowledge?
Information that most people know, such
as that water freezes at 32 degrees
Fahrenheit or that Barack Obama was the
first American of mixed race to be elected
US President.
Information shared by a cultural or national
group is such as the names of famous
heroes or events in the nation’s history that
are remembered and celebrated.
What is Not Common Knowledge?

 Statistics obtained from sources such

as the DOH, National Census &
Statistics Office, DOLE, etc.
 References to studies done by others.
 Reference to specific dates, numbers,
or facts the reader would not know
unless s/he had done the research.
Example:
The continuing exodus of mothers to
take up jobs overseas affects the
psychological and social development of
children they leave behind. A number of
studies suggest that children face greater
psychological damage and risk when it is the
mother who decides to work overseas.1
________________
1 Rhacel S. Parreñas, Children of Global

Migration: Transnational Families and Gendered

Woes (Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press,
2006), 16.
 The Note System
Two types of notes: footnotes and
endnotes
 Footnotes are located at the
bottom of the page, under a line in
the footer.
 Endnotes are located at the end
of a paper in a section entitled
“Notes.”
5. Jack Hurst, Nathan Bedford Forrest: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 1993), 8.

Two Types of Footnotes

• The reference note tells the reader
the source of the information, and
gives credit to the author of a
quotation, an idea, or a body of
research.

-
You can create footnotes in Word by going to
the reference tab and hitting Insert Footnote
• A footnote or an endnote generally
lists the author, title, and facts of
publication, in that order.
•Elements are separated by commas.
•The facts of publication are enclosed
in parentheses.
•Authors’ names are presented in
standard order (first name first).
Example”
Recently, Kevin Vanhoozer subsumed
both of these perspectives in
developing a “phronetic theology.”29

_____________________________
29 Kevin
J. Vanhoozer, The Drama of Doctrine: A
Canonical-Linguistic Approach to Christian Theology
(Louisville: Westminster, John Knox Press, 2005), 324-
344.
The explanatory note carries
additional information which is not
essential to your text but might be useful
or interesting to the reader.

In practice most explanatory notes

also contain references, citing the
source of the information in the note.
Example of Content or Explanatory Note:

21Foran excellent tutorial on how to

decide which passages of scripture
should take precedence in establishing
doctrine, See: John S. Feinberg, No One
Like Him (Wheaton: Crossway, 2001),
691.
 Using Footnotes in Text
 When using Chicago footnotes, whenever a
source is used in a paper, a footnote is
inserted to credit the source.
 Footnotes are shown in text as superscript
numbers that relate to a numbered source
at the bottom of the page.
 The source at the bottom of the page
includes much, if not all, of the original
bibliographic source information
A simple rule: Who, What, Where, When, Which
(pages)
Authors’ First and Last Names, “Title” Title of
Periodical, Owner, or Publisher (Date of Publication):
XX-XX ( page range))

Footnotes: Basic Formatting

–All footnotes will be inserted using the
Insert Footnote function of word
processing programs
–They go at the bottom of the page
automatically if done correctly.
A footnote should be used at the very
end of any quoted material.
If a heavy amount of paraphrasing from
one source exists in a paragraph, a
single footnote at the end is acceptable.
Exception:
If more than one source is used, footnotes must
be present at the end of each instance of
paraphrasing or direct quoting.
 How to insert superscript

• Control-Shift + = and number of

footnote

• The font for footnote is a 10-point

type.
 Titles of books are capitalized headline-style

Book:
20 Avery
Dulles, Models of Revelation (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1983), 24.
Using “Ibid.” in footnotes:

1 James D. G. Dunn, The Theology of Paul the

Apostle (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1998), 100.
Full footnote citation (first time only)

2 Ibid. Same source, same page immediately follows

3 Ibid.,
101. Same source with a different page
number
Example of abbreviated subsequent source:
3 Uwe Michael Lang, Turning Towards the
Lord: Orientation in Liturgical Prayer (San
Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2004), 81.

4 Ibid.

5 Avery Dulles, Models of Revelation (Garden

City, NY: Doubleday, 1983), 24.

6 Lang, Turning Towards the Lord, 82.

Citing Cross-References

See – when you are referring the reader

to another source
cf.
The abbreviation cf. stands for the
Latin word confer which means
“compare.” It is primarily used in
footnotes to point the reader to works
that offer an argument which contradicts
or is otherwise different from the
author’s argument.

Therefore, it might be more useful to

read cf. as “but compare this to.”
Comparison of Format of Footnote and Bibliography

Footnote
Author’s First Name Surname, Title of Publication
(Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication),
page number(s).

5 James Fenimore Cooper, The Last of the Mohicans: A

Narrative of 1757 (London: John Miller, 1826), 33.
Bibliography

Author’s Surname, First Name. Title of

Publication. Place of publication: Publisher, year
of publication.

Cooper, James Fenimore. The Last of the

Mohicans: A Narrative of 1757. London:
John Miller, 1826.
 Book with One Author
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOOTNOTE

Burke, John. Companion to 1 John Burke, Companion

the Prayer of Christians: to the Prayer of Christians:
Reflections and Personal Reflections and Personal
Prayers. Collegeville, MN: Prayers (Collegeville, MN:
Liturgical Press, 1995. Liturgical Press, 1995),
15–22.
 Two or three authors (listed in order
of appearance on title page)
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOOTNOTE

Fuller, Reginald H., and 5 Reginald H. Fuller and Daniel

Daniel Westberg. Preaching Westberg, Preaching the
the Lectionary: The Word of Lectionary: The Word of God for
God for the Church Today. 3rd the Church Today, 3rd ed.
ed. Collegeville, MN: (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press,
Liturgical Press, 2006. 2006), 361–363.

Note: surname first for first author

comma after name of first author
 Four or More authors

BIBLIOGRAPHY FOOTNOTE

Henning, Jason, Elizabeth

11Jason Henning et al.,
Stone, Jared Kelly, and Using Action Research to
Carly Crow. Using Action Improve Instruction: An
Research to Improve Interactive Guide for
Instruction: An Teachers (New York:
Interactive Guide for Routledge, 2009), 33.
Teachers. New York:
Routledge, 2009.
 Book Chapter in an Edited Book

BIBLIOGRAPHY FOOTNOTE

Herrera, Marina. “The Context 61 Marina Herrera, “The

and Development of Ecclesial Context and Development of
Leadership.” In Hispanic Ecclesial Leadership,” in Hispanic
Catholic Culture in the U.S.: Catholic Culture in the U.S.: Issues
Issues and Concerns, ed. Jay P. and Concerns, ed. Jay P. Dolan and
Dolan and Allan Figueroa Allan Figueroa Deck (Notre Dame,
Deck, 166-205. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame,
IN: University of Notre Dame 1994), 180.
Press, 1994.
 Author’s Work Edited or Translated by Another

BIBLIOGRAPHY FOOTNOTE

Rahner, Karl. Hearers of the 12 Karl Rahner, Hearers of

Word. Translated by the Word, trans. Joseph
Joseph Donceel. New Donceel (New York:
York: Continuum, 1994. Continuum, 1994), 7.
 Book, Edition

BIBLIOGRAPHY FOOTNOTE

O‘Collins, Gerald G. 3 Gerald G. O‘Collins,

Interpreting Jesus. 2nd Interpreting Jesus, 2nd rev.
rev. ed. London: ed. (London: Mowbray,
Mowbray, 2004. 2004), 104-105.
 Book with Corporate Author

BIBLIOGRAPHY FOOTNOTE

University of Chicago Press. 3 University of Chicago

The Chicago Manual of Press, The Chicago Manual of
Style. 16th ed. Chicago: Style, 16th ed. (Chicago:
University of Chicago University of Chicago Press,
Press, 2010. 2010).
 Book: No Author Named

BIBLIOGRAPHY FOOTNOTE

59 New Life Options: The

New Life Options: The
Working Woman’s Resource
Working Woman’s
Book (New York: McGraw-
Resource Book. New
Hill, 1976), 42.
York: McGraw-Hill,
1976.
 Encyclopedia or Dictionary Entries
(no author given)
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOOTNOTE

12 Oxford
English
There is no bibliography
Dictionary, 2nd ed. s.v.
entry because well-
“apocalypse.”
known reference books
are not generally listed 23 Encyclopedia

Britannica, 11th ed., s.v.

“religion.”
“s.v.” is for the Latin sub
verbo (“under the word”).
 Encyclopedia or Dictionary Entries
(Alternative for signed encyclopedia reference)

BIBLIOGRAPHY FOOTNOTE

Van Slyke, Daniel G. “Healing, 73 Daniel G. Van Slyke,

Religious.” In The New “Healing, Religious,” in The New
Westminster Dictionary of Westminster Dictionary of Church
Church History, vol. 1, History, vol. 1, ed. Robert
ed. Robert Benedetto et al., Benedetto et al. (Louisville, KY:
295–296. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press,
Westminster John Knox 2008), 295.
Press, 2008.
 Introduction, Foreword, Preface
(by same author)

BIBLIOGRAPHY FOOTNOTE

Stewart-Sykes, Alistair. 63 Alistair Stewart-

Introduction to Sykes, introduction to
Tertullian, Cyprian, Tertullian, Cyprian,
Origen, On The Lord’s Origen, On The Lord’s
Prayer. Crestwood, Prayer (Crestwood, NY:
NY: St Vladimir’s St Vladimir’s Seminary
Seminary Press, Press, 2004), 15.
2004.
 Introduction, Foreword, Preface
(by different author)

BIBLIOGRAPHY FOOTNOTE

Rich, Adrienne. 23Adrienne Rich,

Introduction to The introduction to The Work of
Work of a Common a Common Woman: The
Woman: The Collected Collected Poetry of Judy
Poetry of Judy Grahn, Grahn, 1964–1977, by Judy
1964–1977, by Judy Grahn (New York: St.
Grahn, xx-xxi. New York: Martin's Press, 1980), xx-xxi.
St. Martin's Press, 1980.
 Author and Editor of Multivolume Works

BIBLIOGRAPHY FOOTNOTE

Barrows, Herbert. Reading 23 Herbert Barrows,

the Short Story. Vol. 1 of Reading the Short Story, vol.
An Introduction to 1 of An Introduction to
Literature, edited by Literature, ed. Gordon N. Ray
N. Ray. Boston: (Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
Houghton Mifflin, 1959).
1959.
 Library Work
Look for the following books and make
the appropriate footnotes and bibliographic
entries based on the CMS:

1. Book with one author

2. Book with two or three authors
3. Article in an edited book
4. Book translated by an author
5. Definition of a word from the dictionary