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Lesson 1.0: History of Life On Earth

Here are three examples of different types of fossils with a brief description of each: 1. Petrified wood - This is an example of petrified remains. Over millions of years, the organic material in the wood is replaced by minerals like silica while retaining the original structure of the wood. 2. Shell imprint - This is an example of a carbon film fossil, where the impression of the shell's shape and patterns is preserved in the surrounding rock. It shows what the shell looked like but not the actual shell material. 3. Trackway fossil - An example of an ichnofossil, this fossil preserves the footprints or other traces of organism behavior. A trackway can show evidence of how dinosaurs and early

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Janelle Punzalan
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271 views

Lesson 1.0: History of Life On Earth

Here are three examples of different types of fossils with a brief description of each: 1. Petrified wood - This is an example of petrified remains. Over millions of years, the organic material in the wood is replaced by minerals like silica while retaining the original structure of the wood. 2. Shell imprint - This is an example of a carbon film fossil, where the impression of the shell's shape and patterns is preserved in the surrounding rock. It shows what the shell looked like but not the actual shell material. 3. Trackway fossil - An example of an ichnofossil, this fossil preserves the footprints or other traces of organism behavior. A trackway can show evidence of how dinosaurs and early

Uploaded by

Janelle Punzalan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 1.

0:
History of
Life on Earth
Content Standard
 The learners demonstrate understanding of the major events in the history of
life on Earth.

Performance Standards
The learners shall be able to
 create a personal timeline and compare it with the geologic time scale; and
 design a poster tracing evolutionary changes in a crop plant (e.g., rice or corn)
that occurred through domestication

Learning Competency
 The learners describe general features of the history of life on Earth, including
generally accepted dates and sequence of the geologic time scale and
characteristics

Specific Learning Outcomes


At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
 identify the dates and sequence of the periods in the geologic time scale;
 identify the major events in each major period;
 describe the characteristics of the major groups of organisms present during a
time period;
 identify types of fossils; and
 describe causes of mass extinctions.
The lesson for today will cover the
following topic:
1. The types of fossils
2. Ways fossils are formed and how
fossils’ ages are determined
3. Mass extinctions- causes and
frequency in the GTS
FOSSILS
 are evidences of organisms that lived
in the past.
 They can be actual remains like
bones, teeth, shells, leaves, seeds,
spores or traces of past activities such
as animal burrows, nests and
dinosaur footprints or even the
ripples created on a prehistoric shore.
 In exceptional preservation, fine
details such as original color and
individual muscle fibers are retained,
features often visible in electron
microscopes.
 This is referred to as the “Medusa
effect.”
TYPES OF FOSSILS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Impression made in a
substrate = negative image
Molds of an organism Shells
Casts When a mold is filled in Bones and teeth
Organic material is Petrified trees; Coal balls
Petrified (fossilized plants and their
converted into stone
tissues, in round ball shape)

Preserved wholly (frozen in


ice, trapped in tar pits, dried/ Woolly mammoth; Amber
Original Remains
desiccated inside caves in from the Baltic Sea region
arid regions or encased in
amber/ fossilized resin)

Carbon impression in Leaf impression on the


Carbon Film
sedimentary rocks rock

Trackways, toothmarks,
Record the movements and gizzard rocks, coprolites
Trace / Ichnofossils
behaviors of the organism (fossilized dungs), burrows
and nests
Petrified
Original Remains Carbon Film

Trace / Ichnofossils
THE SIX WAYS OF FOSSILIZATION
1. Unaltered preservation - Small organism or part trapped
in amber, hardened plant sap
2. Permineralization/ Petrification - The organic contents of
bone and wood are replaced with silica, calcite or pyrite,
forming a rock-like fossil
3. Replacement - hard parts are dissolved and replaced by
other minerals, like calcite, silica, pyrite, or iron
4. Carbonization or Coalification - The other elements are
removed and only the carbon remained
5. Recrystalization - Hard parts are converted to more
stable minerals or small crystals turn into larger crystals
6. Authigenic preservation - Molds and casts are formed
after most of the organism have been destroyed or
dissolved
DATING FOSSILS

 Knowing the age of a fossil can help a


scientist establish its position in the geologic
time scale and find its relationship with the
other fossils.
 There are two ways to measure the age of a
fossil:
1. RELATIVE DATING
2. ABSOLUTE DATING
DATING FOSSILS
1.RELATIVE DATING

Based upon the study of layer of rocks


Does not tell the exact age: only compare
fossils as older or younger, depends on their
position in rock layer
Fossils in the uppermost rock layer/ strata
are younger while those in the lowermost
deposition are oldest
DATING FOSSILS
How Relative Age is Determined
Law of Superposition:
 if a layer of rock is undisturbed, the fossils found on upper
layers are younger than those found in lower layers of rocks
 However, because the Earth is active, rocks move and may
disturb the layer making this process not highly accurate
DATING FOSSILS
How Relative Age is Determined
2. LAW OF ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY:
 The law states that layers of sediment were originally
deposited horizontally under the action of gravity.
 Any rock layers that are now folded and tilted have since
been altered by later outside forces.
DATING FOSSILS
How Relative Age is Determined
3. LAW OF CROSS-CUTTING RELATIONSHIPS
 If an igneous intrusion or a fault cuts through
existing rocks, the intrusion/fault is YOUNGER
than the rock it cuts through
DATING FOSSILS
How Relative Age is Determined
2. ABSOLUTE DATING
Determines the actual age of the fossil
Through radiometric dating, using
radioactive isotopes carbon-14 and
potassium-40
Considers the half-life or the time it takes
for half of the atoms of the radioactive
element to decay
The decay products of radioactive isotopes
are stable atoms.
 Take a look at the table
 A living organism has Half Life Mass of original Number of
carbon-14. C-14 remaining years
 For the amount of (g)

Carbon in the 0 1 0
organism’s body to
become half, it will take 1 ½ 5,700
about 5,700 years; 2 ¼ 11,400
which is the half-life of
carbon-14. 3 1/8 17,100
 Fill up the remaining
data in the table.
4
 What is the limit in 5
using carbon-14 as a
measure to determine a 6
fossil’s age?
Performance Task
Present to the class at least three (3) examples of different
Types of fossil.
1. Molds
2. Casts
3. Petrified
4. Original Remains
5. Carbon Film
6. Ichnofossils

1. Make a research on how to make fossil.


2. Prepare a write-up on how you made your fossil.

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