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Beta Oxidation

The document discusses fatty acid oxidation, which breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA through beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and involves activating fatty acids, transporting them into the mitochondrial matrix, and breaking them down through four repeated reactions to shorten the fatty acid by two carbons each time, producing acetyl-CoA, FADH2, NADH, and driving ATP production.

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indra
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138 views

Beta Oxidation

The document discusses fatty acid oxidation, which breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA through beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and involves activating fatty acids, transporting them into the mitochondrial matrix, and breaking them down through four repeated reactions to shorten the fatty acid by two carbons each time, producing acetyl-CoA, FADH2, NADH, and driving ATP production.

Uploaded by

indra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FATTY ACIDS :

 A fatty acid contains a long hydrocarbon chain and a terminal


carboxylate group. The hydrocarbon chain may be saturated ( with
no double bond ) or may be unsaturated ( containing double bond )
 It occurs in many tissues in the body , including liver , kidney and
heart .
 Fatty acids oxidation doesn’t occur in the brain ,Erythrocytes and
adrenal medulla . These are the cannot utilize fatty acids for
energy requirements
 Fatty acids can be oxidized by :

1. Beta oxidation : Major mechanism , occur in the mitochondria


matrix . 2- C units are released as acetyl Co A per cycle .
2. Alpha oxidation : Predominantly takes place in brain and liver , one
carbon is lost in the form of CO2 per cycle .
3. Omega oxidation : Minor mechanism , but becomes important in
conditions of impaired beta oxidation .
4. Peroxisomal oxidation : Mainly for the trimming of very long chain
fatty acids .
 β-oxidation of fatty acid – the break down of a fatty acid to acetyl-Co A
 β-oxidation may be defined as the oxidation of fatty acids on the beta-
carbon atom . This results in the sequential removal of a two carbon
fragments, acetyl Co A
 occurs in the mitochondria
 Process is strictly aerobic
 After production Acetyl-Co A is fed directly into the Krebs cycle
 The beta oxidation of fatty acids
involve three stages :
1. Activation of fatty acids in the cytosol
2. Transport of activated fatty acids into
mitochondria ( carnitine shuttle )
3. Beta oxidation proper in the mitochondrial
matrix
 Activation of FA
 This proceeds by FA thiokinase ( acyl CoA synthetase ) present in
cytosol
 Thiokinase requires ATP , COA SH , Mg++ .The product of this
reaction is FA acyl COA and water .
Transport of fatty acyl Co A from cytosol
into mitochondria :
 Long chain acyl Co A traverses the inner mitochondria membrane with a special
transport mechanism called carnitine shuttle .
 Transport of acyl Co A into the mitochondria ( rate limiting step )
1. Acyl groups from acyl Co A is transferred to carnitine to from acyl carnitine
catalysed by carnitine acyltransferase I , in the outer mitochondrial
membrane .
2. Acylcarnitine is then shuttled across the inner mitochondrial membrane by
a translocase enzyme .
3. The acyl group is transferred back to Co A in matrix by carnitine
acyltransferase II .
4. Finally , carnitine is returned to the cytosolic slide by translocase , in
exchange for an incoming acyl carnitine .
PROPER OF BETA OXIDATION IN THE
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
 A saturated acyl Co A is degraded by a recurring sequence of four reactions :
a) Oxidation by flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD )
b) Hydration
c) Oxidation by NAD+
d) Thiolysis by Co ASH

 The fatty acyl chain is shortened by two carbon atoms as a result of these reactions .
 FADH2 , NADH , and Acetyl Co A are generated .
 Because oxidation is on the β carbon and the chain is broken between the α (2) and β (3)
carbon atoms hence the name β oxidation .
 The first reaction is the oxidation of acyl Co A by an acyl Co A
dehydrogenase to give α-β unsaturated acyl Co A ( enoyl Co A )
FAD is the hydrogen accepter
 The second reaction is the hydration of the
double bond to β-hydroxyacyl Co A
 The third reaction is the oxidation of β-hydroxyacyl Co A
to produce β-ketoacyl Co A NAD dependent reaction
 The fourth reaction is cleavage of the two carbon
fragment by splitting the bond between α and β carbons
 By thiolase enzyme
 The release of acetyl Co A leaves an acyl Co A
molecule shortened by 2 carbons .
 This acyl Co A molecule is the substrate for the
next round of oxidation starting with acyl Co A
dehydrogenase .
 Repetition continues until all the carbons of the
original fatty acyl Co A are converted to acetyl Co A
 In the last round a four carbon acyl Co A ( butyryl
Co A ) is cleaved to 2 acetyl Co A .
ENERGETICS OF FA OXIDATION
e.g. Palmitic ( 16C )
 β-oxidation of palmitic acid will be repeated 7 cycles producing 8
molecules of acetyl Co A .
 In each cycle FADH2 and NADH+H* is produced and will be transported to
the respiratory chain .
• FADH2 2 ATP
• NADH+H* 3 ATP
• So 7 cycles 5x7 = 35 ATP
 Each acetyl Co A which is oxidized in citric cycle gives 12 ATP
( 8x12=96 ATP )
 2 ATP are utilized in the activation of fatty acid ( it occurs once ) .
 Energy gain = Energy produced – Energy utilized
 =35 ATP + 96 ATP – 2 ATP =129 ATP

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