Tourism Industry

Course Code: TI
Instructor: Ms. RL Alvar
WHAT IS TOURISM?
According to Professors Hunziker and Krapt of Berne
University

“the sum of the phenomenon and relationships

arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in
so far as they do not lead to permanent residence
and are not connected to any earning activity.”
 The definition of the Tourism Society in Britain

“Tourism is the temporary short-term movement of

people to destinations outside the places where
they normally live and work and their activities
during their stay at these destinations.”
Components of the Tourism Sector

Transportation, Accommodation, F & B, Attractions, Events,

Adventure Tourism & Outdoor Recreation, Travel Services, and Tourism Services
Components of the Tourism Sector

 Transportation
- Carries the traveller
from one destination
to another. This
includes Airlines,
Railroads, Cruise Lines,
tour bus companies,
and car rental
companies.
 Components of the Tourism Sector

Food and Beverages

- Provides the traveller
with something to eat
and drink while in a trip.
This is the largest
component in the
tourism sector.
 Components of the Tourism Sector

Attractions
- Permanent facilities
that entertain or
educate the tourist.
These attractions can
be visited anytime of
the year and may be
natural or
manufactured
 Components of the Tourism Sector

Events
- Short term activities that educate
and entertain the tourist.
 Components of the Tourism Sector

Adventure Tourism or
Outdoor Recreation
- Provides hands-on
physical activities for
visitors.
 Components of the Tourism Sector

Travel Services
- Creates packages and
sell tourism products to
travellers
 Components of the Tourism Sector

Tourism Services
- Provide support and
services to the tourism
industry but do not usually
deal directly with the tourist.
Growth in the Tourism Sector

 Advancements in our Transportation Systems

 Advancements in media coverage
 Introduction of newer, faster and more innovative computer system
 The Internet
 Better Educational System
 More Disposable Income
 A more stressful lifestyle
 Declining Cost of Travel
 Better Marketing and promotion
 Common worldwide currency
 Easing of government travel restrictions
 Political Stability
Job Opportunities in the Tourism Sector
Job Opportunities in the Tourism Industry

Airline Sector
Job Opportunities in the Tourism Industry

Travel Agency
Job Opportunities in the Tourism Industry

Hotel
Job Opportunities in the Tourism Industry

Cruise
 Types of Tourism

Agricultural, Culinary, Ecotourism, Extreme Tourism

Spa Tourism, Medical Tourism, Volunteer Tourism
Agricultural Tourism / Agritourism

 Tourism experience that teaches the

travellers about the agricultural industry
through hands-on farm experience.
Culinary Tourism / Cuisine Tourism

 Tourism such as a tour of wineries, a short

course at a cooking school, or as a series
of lectures on foods of region that focuses
on culinary products.
 Ecotourism

 Travel that is intended to support the

study of earth’s biodiversity. It is one of
the oldest and largest types of focused
travel.
Extreme Tourism

 One of the newer, more exotic tourism

which people pay to put their lives at risk.
This appeals to those who enjoy the
adrenalin rush of danger and includes
activities such as storm chasing or
swimming with sharks.
Spa Tourism

 Focuses on the overall health and well-

being of the traveller. Guests enjoy spa
services such as massages, nutrition
programs or enjoy activities such as golf
or tennis.
Medical Tourism

 A branch of Spa Tourism, involving

travellers choosing a destination to gain
access to a specific medical practice
unavailable at home.
Volunteer Tourism

 Tourism that arranges volunteer

opportunities with a specific purpose or
cause.
WHAT IS A TOURIST?
The League of Nations defined “tourist” as follows;

“A tourist is a person who visits a country other than that in which

he usually resides for a period of at least 24 hours.” This was held to
include persons travelling for pleasure, domestic reasons or health,
persons traveling to meetings or on business and persons visiting a
country on a cruise vessel even if for less than 24 hours.
The United Nations Conference on International
Travel and Tourism recommended

“any person visiting a country other than that of

earning money.”
 This definition covers two classes of visitors:

1. TOURISTS - Temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours, whose purpose could be

classified as:
 Leisure such as recreation, holiday, health, study, religion or sport
 Business
 Family
 Mission
 Meeting
2. EXCURSIONISTS - Temporary visitors staying less than 24 hours in the destination visited
and not making an overnight stay, including cruise travellers but excluding travels in
transit.
TERMINOLOGY TIME!

1. Trip - any travel away from your place of residence not for
the purpose of schooling or work.
2. Guests - The outside visitors who have come to be
entertained by the people of a community or region.
3. Hosts – The individuals, communities or regions who
entertain the visiting guests.
2 Main Types of Tourists

1.Domestic Tourist – Any visitor who takes a “trip” in

his or her own country and stays at least 24 hours.
2.Foreign Tourist – Any person who crosses an
international border and stays at least 24 hours.
 The Psychology of Travel

WHY DO PEOPLE TRAVEL?

 Why do people travel?

 Escape  Roots or Ethnic  Education

 Relaxation  Maintain Social  Professional/Business
 Relief of tension Contacts  Wanderlust
 Sunlust  Convince oneself of  Interest in Foreign
one’s achievements Areas
 Physical
 Show one’s  Scenery
 Health importance to others
 Family Togetherness  Status and Prestige
 Interpersonal  Self-discovery
Relations
 Cultural
Understanding Tourists

Motivators – promoters of actions that fulfil a

specific want or need.
 Basic Travel Motivators
- according to McIntosh and Goeldner

 Physical Motivators – include

those related to physical rest,
sports participation, beach
recreation, relaxing
entertainment and other
motivations directly
connected with health.
 Basic Travel Motivators
- according to McIntosh and Goeldner

 Cultural Motivators – include

the desire to know about
other countries – their music
art, folklore, dances,
paintings and religion.
 Basic Travel Motivators
- according to McIntosh and Goeldner

 Interpersonal motivators –
pertain to the desire to
meet other people, visit
friends or relatives, escape
from routine from family
and neighbours.
 Basic Travel Motivators
- according to McIntosh and Goeldner

 Status and prestige

motivators – concerns ego
needs and personal
development. Included in this
group are trips related to
business, conventions, study
and pursuit of hobbies and
education. Travel would
enhance one’s recognition
and good reputation.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Understanding Tourists

Demographics – Statistical information about a

person, which includes such factors as age, gender,
occupation, education, marital status, etc.
Understanding Tourists

Psychographics – Information regarding people’s

likes, dislikes, interests, opinions and personalities,
often used in profiling the customers. Stanley Plog
first introduced the use of personality as
psychographic data:
Stanley Plog’s Theory

Allocentric - is a person extroverted in their adventure

choices. An allocentric traveler is confident, curious, and
often prefers traveling alone.
Stanley Plog’s Theory

Mid-centric - falls between the allocentric and

psychocentric types. This is a person who isn't exceptionally
adventurous but is still open to new experiences.
 Stanley Plog’s Theory

Psychocentric - is a person
likely to choose familiar
experiences in their travel
decisions. The standard
activity level of a
psychocentric traveler is low,
with commonplace activities
included in the schedule of
events.
 Fiske and Maddi extended Plog’s theory by adding 2
personality dimensions:

Extrovert – an individual who is outgoing and inhibited in

interpersonal situations
Introvert – an individual who is more concerned with
personal thoughts and feelings ad is most likely to eat in a
quiet, comfortable restaurant.
As well as:

External Locus of Control – these people believe

that events are predetermined by other powerful
individuals, fate or chance and accept that what
will be, will be.
Internal Locus of Control – these people believe
that they are in charge of what happens in their
lives and that they control their own destiny.
Two Factors in helping travellers choose a destination:

Pull Factor - These are Internal Factors or

something inside you is encouraging you to
do something.
Push Factor - These are External Factors that
draw guests to a destination.
 5 Essential Components of a
Tourism Destination

Government, Tourism Associations and Organizations, Marketing Services, Research

and Consulting, and Miscellaneous Service.
Government Agencies

The government plays an important role in formulating

policy to guide tourism development and promotion in
line with other national economic and social objectives.
Planning - attracting foreign investments and funding
infrastructure development
Employment and Training - determining manpower
needs, developing tourism training program
Coordinating Private and Public Sectors – determining
roles in mixed economies
Priorities the Government uses to help
plan future Tourism Growth

1. Promote Travel Opportunities and Try to Increase the number of

visitors to the province
2. Encourage the development of the tourism sector through market
research and planning
3. Work with the tourism sector in the province to improve the tourism
product
4. Produce literature that promotes the front-line component of the
sector
5. Liaise with federal and municipal ministries
Tourism Associations and Organizations

These organizations or associations represent their

members to governing bodies and the public by:
Providing Seminars
Sponsoring Events
Conducting Research
Keeping Members Informed
ACTIVITY
Decode the following Abbreviations for the International and Philippine Tourism Agencies
and Organizations.

1. WTO 7. DOT 13. HRAB

2. ICAO 8. TIEZA 14. DFA
3. IATA 9. TPBPHIL 15. NAITAS
4. WTTC 10. PHILTOA
5. PATA 11. PTAA
6. APEC 12. HRAP
Answers

1. WTO – World Tourism Organization

2. ICAO – International Civil Aviation Organization
3. IATA – International Air Transport Association
4. WTTC – World Travel and Tours Council
5. PATA – Pacific Asia Travel Association
 Answers

1. APEC – Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

2. DOT – Department of Tourism
3. TIEZA – Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority
4. TPBPHIL – Tourism Promotions Board Philippines
5. PHILTOA – Philippine Tour Operators Association Inc.
 Answers

1. PTAA – Philippine Travel Agencies Association

2. HRAP – Hotel and Restaurant Association of the Philippines
3. HRAB – Hotel and Restaurant Association of Baguio
4. DFA – Department of Foreign Affairs
5. NAITAS – Network of Independent Travel Agencies
 World Tourism Organization (WTO)

 Official Consultative body of the United

Nations whose purpose is to promote
economic development. International
Understanding, world peace, prosperity
and universal respect for and
observance of human rights and
fundamental freedoms for all.
 International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO)

 official consultative
organization for the United
Nations responsible for
encouraging the safe,
orderly development of
the world’s airline industry.
International Air Transport Association
(IATA)

Private organization
responsible for the
creation of rules and
regulations that ensure
safe, easy travel for
tourists using air
transportation.
 ICAO codes vs IATA codes

ICAO Codes IATA Codes

Country Codes 3 Letter Codes 2 Letter Codes
Airport / City Codes 4 Letter Codes 3 Letter Codes
When do we use used for "official" are mainly used
these codes purposes such as for ticketing.
Air Traffic Control
 ICAO codes vs IATA codes

Country Code ICAO Codes IATA Codes

Hong Kong HKG HK
Australia AUS AU
China CHN CN
 ICAO codes vs IATA codes

Airport Code ICAO Codes IATA Codes

Hong Kong International
VHHH HKG
Airport
Sydney Kingsford Smith
YSSY SYD
International
Beijing Capital International
ZBAA PEK
Airport
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)

 private organization with members

from the executive levels of tourism
that works with governments around
the world in order to help them
realize the full economic benefits of
their tourism industry.
Asia Pacific Travel Association (PATA)

 One of the oldest and most successful marketing organizations in the world. Its
mandate has been to promote travel to the Pacific Rim countries, but it also
promotes education and meets regularly to discuss common problems and to
adjust its long-range plans and activities to meet new consumer demands.
Other International Organizations

 CTA – Caribbean Tourism Associations

 APEC – Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
 OAS – Organization of American States
 SATO – South American Tourism Organization
 ETC – European Travel Commission
 CMTA – Common Market Travel Association
Department of Tourism (DOT)

 is the executive department of the

Philippine government responsible
for the regulation of the Philippine
tourism industry and the promotion
of the Philippines as a tourist
destination.
Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone
Authority (TIEZA)

 acts as Department of Tourism’s implementing

arm in providing support infrastructures and
facilitating investments in tourism enterprise zones
(TEZ) nationwide. This is carried out through its
main functions — infrastructure development;
designation, regulation and supervision of TEZs;
management of its existing assets or facilitation of
their privatization; and administration of the
collection of the Philippine Travel Tax.
Tourism Promotions Board Philippines (TPBPHIL)

 An attached agency of the Department of Tourism

 exists to market and promote the Philippines domestically and internationally as a world-
class tourism and MICE destination, in strategic partnership with private and public
stakeholders to deliver a unique high-value experience for visitors, significantly contributing
to increased arrivals, receipts and investments to the country.
Philippine Tour Operators Association Inc. (PHILTOA)

 is an organization of tour operators and allied members actively involved in the advocacy
of responsible tourism.
 Founded on 12 June 1986
 Non-stock and Non-profit organization
 The membership includes travel agencies, hotel, resorts, transportation companies,
handicraft stores, and other tourism-oriented establishments and association.
Philippine Travel Agencies Association (PTAA)

 is an organization born out of a union of the national associations of outbound travel

agencies and inbound tour operators in 1979.
 It was founded to foster unity in the travel industry and to promote the welfare of its
members and the traveling public.
 PTAA is a strong force that plays a vital role both in the national and international scenes.
Other Local Organizations

NAITAS - Network of Independent Travel Agencies

PCVC – Philippine Convention and Visitors Corporation
IA - Intramuros Administration
NPDC – National Parks Development Committee
NPF – Nayong Pilipino Foundation
Marketing Service

any form of Advertising and Promotions used to

entice travellers to visit a certain destinations.
Research and Consulting

tourism research firms focus either

on tourism products in general or on
specific products.
Miscellaneous Service

examples are Educational Institute, Media, Webpage &

Web Designers, Duty free shops, souvenir shops, retail
merchants, construction engineers & architects, Specialty
Food Producers, Manufacturers of machines used in the
business like ovens, amusement park rides.
Tourism Issues

Barriers, Benefits, Impacts and Issues

Benefits of Tourism

 Economic Diversification
 Cultural Preservation
 Better Choices in Entertainment, Food, Shopping and service
 Area Beautification
 Tax Revenues
 Recreational and educational facilities
 Modernization
 Favourable world image
The Barriers of Travel

 Cost or Lack of Maney

 Lack of Time
 Accessibility, Distance or Ease of Travel
 Health and Disabilities
 Travel taste and Experience
 Education
 Age
 Fear
Barrier of Tourism Acceptance

 Crime and Unwanted Behaviour

 Air, water, land and noise pollution
 Congestion
 Local resentment
 Inflation
 Seasonality
 Leakage
 Increase in cost of service
 Diversion of Government Funds
Tourism’s Impact on Cultures and Societies

5 stages smaller destinations experience according to G.V

Doxey:
Stage 1: Level of Euphoria
Stage 2: Level of Apathy
Stage 3: Level of Irritation
Stage 4: Level of Antagonism
Stage 5: The Final Level
Tourism’s Impact on Cultures and Societies

Stage 1: Level of Euphoria

Euphoria noun
/eu· pho· ria/
is the experience (or affect) of pleasure or excitement and
intense feelings of well-being and happiness.
Tourism’s Impact on Cultures and Societies

Stage 2: Level of Apathy

Apathy noun
/ˈapəTHē/
lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern.
Tourism’s Impact on Cultures and Societies

Stage 3: Level of Irritation

Irritation noun
/ˌirəˈtāSH(ə)n/

the state of feeling annoyed, impatient, or slightly angry.

Tourism’s Impact on Cultures and Societies

Stage 4: Level of Antagonism

Antagonism noun
/anˈtaɡəˌnizəm/

active hostility or opposition

Tourism’s Impact on Cultures and Societies

Stage 5: The Final Level

People have forgotten that what they or igina l l y cherished

was what drew the tourist, but in the scramble to develop
they overlooked this and allowed the environment to
change.
Tourism’s Impact on Cultures and Societies

Tourism Industry Project:

Given a top tourist destination, discuss with the class the
negative effects, the impacts and benefits of tourism of
your assigned destination. You may also discuss the
measures that the local government or community is doing
to improve the negative effects or balance the influx of
tourism.
Issues in the Tourism Industry

Human Recourse, Marketing, Legal, Operations, and Consumer Affairs

Human Resource Challenges, Issues and Concerns

1. Industry Image
2. Unskilled Labour
3. Poor Training Practices
4. Poor Attitude/Self-Image
5. High Turnover
6. Shrinking labour pool
7. Demand for qualified workers
8. Poorly trained managers
9. Language Barriers
10. Lack of recognition for institutional training
Marketing Issues

1. Changing Demographics
2. Changing Vacation Patterns
3. Market Segmentation
4. Frequent Guest Program
5. Maturation in Segments of the Fast-Food Industry
6. Consolidation in the Commercial Lodging Industry
Legal Issues

1. Liquor Liability
2. Ethics in the Tourism Industries
Operations Issues

1. Automation
2. Smoking/Non-Smoking Areas
3. Sanitation and Public Health
4. Recycling Solid Waste
Consumer Affairs Issues

1. Fire and Safety

2. Truth in Menus
3. Diet/Nutrition Health
References

 Zenaida L. Cruz, Principles of Tourism

 Bienvenido G. Claravall, Travel and Tour Operations in the Philippines 3rd Edition