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10/19/201
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Course Instructor

Name Engr.Mona Waseem

Designation lecturer
Office Room#10, CPED
E-mail [email protected]
Fundamentals of Computing
and Programming
Course Code: CS-115

Pre-requisite(s): Nil
Credit Hours: 2+2
Contact Hours: 2+6
Text Book(s): 1. Brian Williams and Stacey Sawyer, “Using Information
Technology,” Ninth Edition, 2010, McGraw-Hill, ISBN:
0073516775
2. C++ How to Program 8th Ed. Deitel
3. Gottfried, Programming with Structured Basics (Schaum
Series), First Edition 1992, McGraw-Hill, ISBN: 0070238995
4. Steve Holzner and Steven Holzner, C++ Black Book: A
Comprehensive Guide to C++ Mastery, 2002, Paraglyph
Press, ISBN: 1932111263
5. Introduction to Programming in C++ 4th Edition by D S Malik

Reference Book(s): 1. Evangelos Petroutsos, Mastering Visual Basic 6, Second

Edition, 1998, Sybex Computer Books Inc. USA, ISBN:
0782122728
2. Programming Logic and Design, 6th Edition by Joyce Farrell
Course Objectives

 Teach the structure, operation

and applications of computers
 To learn computer languages
 To enhance skills of computer
programming applications
Course Learning Outcomes
CLO CLO Statement Bloom’s PLO

Theory Part
Demonstrate basic proficiency in computing,
commonly used computer applications and
1. programming. C2 1

Apply the acquired knowledge to develop small-scale

2. computer programs. C3 2

Practical Part
Illustrate the basic knowledge of the commonly used
computer applications especially MS Office Suite and
1. DEV-C++. P4 5

Apply the acquired knowledge to develop and

2. debug small-to-moderate scale C++ programs. P5 2
Course Contents
1. Introduction to Computing

 History, classification, basic components,

 CPU, memory, peripheral devices, storage media and devices,

 Physical and logical storage, data organization, file storage,

 Programs and software, system software, application software,

 Operating systems, programing languages, compilation and

interpretation,

 Problem specification, algorithms, flow chart, pseudo code,

 Computers in office, industry and education.

2. Introduction to Microsoft Office

 Microsoft Word

 Microsoft PowerPoint

 Microsoft Excel
3. Introduction to Programming 8. Input and Output

 Basics  Console I/O

 Algorithms  File I/O

 Flow chart  User Data Types

4. Introduction to C++  Thorough Testing and Debugging

 Compilation and execution 9. Simple Programming Techniques

5. Program Structure and Program  Recursion

Execution
 Graph Theory Basics
 Data Types
 Tree Structures
 Variables
10. Decision making statements and loop
 Operators functions and subroutines

 Expressions  Data and Data Files

 Defining Methods: Parameters, Return 11. Applications

value
 Programing of simple and elementary
6. Control Flow environmental engineering problems

 Conditional execution (if/else)

 Iteration (for, while)

7. Pointers and Arrays

 One dimensional arrays

 Multiple dimensional arrays

Lab Contents
 Introduction to Microsoft Word
 Introduction to Microsoft PowerPoint
 Introduction to Microsoft Excel
 Introduction to C++
 C++ Programming Basics (Basic Input / Output,
Directives, Arithmetic Operators, Building Blocks of
Programming Language)
 Introduction to Decision Statements (if, else, switch
etc.) in C++
 Introduction to loops (for, while, do-while etc.) in C++
 Introduction to Arrays in C++
 Introduction to Strings in C++
Evaluation Criteria (Tentative):

1. Theory
 Quizzes 10%
 Assignments 10%
 Project 10%
 Midterm Exam 20%
 Final Exam (Full course) 50%
2. Lab
 Quizzes 10%
 Assignments 10%
 Project 20%
 Midterm Exam 20%
 Final Exam (Full course) 40%
Introduction

Today’s world is an information-rich world and it has

become a necessity for everyone to know about
computers.

Computer is an Electronic Device. It is use to calculate

and manipulate data. If we give any instruction to the
computer it gives us output (Result ) .
The word computer comes from the word
”compute”,which means “to calculate”.
Thereby, A computer is an electronic device
that can perform Arithmetic operations as
well as logical operations at high speed.
A computer is also called a data processor
because it can store,process and retrived
data whenever desired.
 Data process Information

•The activity of processing data using a computer is called data

processing.

•Data is raw material used as input and information is processed

data obtained as output of data processing

For example If we read a news paper there is lot of data is available

but we want read some particaluar news that is information.
Full Form Of Computer
C- Commonly

O- Operating

M- Machine

P- Particularly

U- Used For

T- Technical

E- Educational

R- Research
 Computer
A computer is an electronic data processing
device, which accepts and stores data input,
processes the data input, and generates the
output in a required format.

DATA
How Computer works?
To understand how a computer functions
you must understand the information
processing cycle.
The sequence of events in processing
information, which includes (1) input, (2)
processing, (3) storage and (4) output. These
processes work together and repeat over
and over.
1.Input—entering data into the computer.
2.Processing—performing operations on the
data.
3.Storage—saving data, programs, or output for
future use.
4.Output—presenting the results.
Information Processing Cycle
 Since man is born with intelligence, he
thought of ways that would make things
easy for him.
One of the problems encountered by
man was counting the things he had.
Because of this, he invented something
that could help him count fast and
easy.
Assignment # 1

 Reading and Writing Assignment

 History of computer

To be Submitted in next class

 The Abacus
About 4,000 years ago, the Chinese invented the
ABACUS. It is an adding tool that can help can you add
& subtract numbers by moving beads back & forth on
rods. The abacus was one of the earliest counting
devise invented to help man solve his counting
problems.
English mathematician Edmund Gunter
developed the sliderule. This machine could
perform operations likeaddition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division. It
was widely used in Europe in 16th century.
The Pascaline Calculator
In 1642, Blaise Pascal, a French
mathematician, invented the Pascal
calculator.
This device, also known as the Pascaline,
operated 8 movable dials, which could add
numbers up to 8 figures long.
It was used to perform simple arithmetic
calculations. This device was limited to
addition & subtraction only.
 In 1673, G.F. Leibntiz, a German mathematician &
philosopher, enchanced the Pascaline by creating a
device that could also multiply.
It can even find the square root of number. The device
was called the Leibnitz Calculator/ machine.
In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, a
Frenchman, invented the Jacquard’s loom.
Jacquard’s loom used punch card to
program pattern that were outputted as
woven fabrics by the loom.
 Difference Engine
In 1822, Charles Babbage, a British mathematician
professor, invented the Difference Engine.
Powered by steam & as large as a locomotive, the
machine had the capacity to perform calculations &
print the results.
In, 1833, several years after Babbage worked on the
Difference Engine, he began working on the first general-
purpose digital computer, which he called the Analytical
Engine. This steam-powered engine outlined the basic
elements of today’s modern general-purpose computer and
was a breakthrough concept.
Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine
In 1889, Herman Hollerith, an American inventor, invented
the Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine .
The machine was a punch card reader & had the capacity
to store & process data.
Hollerith brought his punch card reader into the business
world, founding the Tabulating Machine Company which
later became International Business Machine (IBM) in
1924.
This all-electronic calculator was invented by Howard
H.Aiken in 1930. This was used to create ballistic
charts for the U.S. Navy. The Mark 1 is called the
Harvard-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator.
Between 1943 and 1946, the ENIAC or the Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer was developed by
John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. This general
purpose computer computed at a speed 1,000 times
faster than the Mark 1.
The Mark I computer(1937-44)
The Atanasoff-Berry Computer(1939-42)
The ENIAC-(1943-46) Elecronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer.
The EDVAC-(1946-52)-Electronic descrete
variable Automatic Computer.
The EDSAC(1947-49)-Electronic Data storage
Automatic calculator.
Manchester Mark I(1948)
The UNIVAC I (1951):UNIVersal Automatic
Computer.
Generation in computer terminology is a change in
technology a computer is/was being used.
Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish
between varying hardware technologies.
Nowadays, generation includes both hardware and
software, which together make up an entire computer
system.
There are five computer generations known till date.
Each generation has been discussed in detail along with
their time period and characteristics.
In the following table, approximate dates against each
generation has been mentioned, which are normally
accepted.
Following are the main five generations of computers.
Sr. No. Generation Description

1 First Generation The period of first generation:

1946-1959. Vacuum tube
based.
2 Second Generation The period of second
generation: 1959-1965.
Transistor based.
3 Third Generation The period of third generation:
1965-1971. Integrated Circuit
based
4 Fourth Generation The period of fourth
generation: 1971-1980. VLSI
microprocessor based.
5 Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation:
1980-onwards. ULSI
microprocessor based.
•The period of first generation was
from 1946-1959.
• The computers of first generation
used vacuum tubes as the basic
components for memory and circuitry
for CPU (Central Processing Unit).
•These tubes, like electric bulbs,
produced a lot of heat and the
installations used to fuse frequently.
•Therefore, they were very expensive
and only large organizations were able
to afford it.

•In this generation, mainly batch

processing operating system was
used.
• Punch cards, paper tape, and
magnetic tape was used as input
and output devices.
• The computers in this generation
used machine code as the
programming language.
The main features of the first generation are:
Vacuum tube technology
Unreliable
Supported machine language only
Very costly
Generated a lot of heat
Slow input and output devices
Huge size
Need of AC
Non-portable
Consumed a lot of electricity

Some computers of this generation were:

ENIAC
EDVAC
UNIVAC
IBM-701
IBM-650
The period of second generation was from
1959-1965. In this generation, transistors
were used that were cheaper, consumed
less power, more compact in size, more
reliable and faster than the first
generation machines made of vacuum
tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores
were used as the primary memory and
magnetic tape and magnetic disks as
secondary storage devices.
In this generation, assembly language
and high-level programming languages
like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The
computers used batch processing and
multiprogramming operating system.
 The main features of second generation are: Use of transistors
Reliable in comparison to first generation computers
Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers
Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers
Faster than first generation computers
Still very costly
AC required
Supported machine and assembly languages Some computers of this
generation were:
IBM 1620
IBM 7094
CDC 1604
CDC 3600
UNIVAC 1108
The period of third generation was
from 1965-1971. The computers of
third generation used Integrated
Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors.
A single IC has many transistors,
resistors, and capacitors along with
the associated circuitry.
The IC was invented by Jack Kilby.
This development made computers
smaller in size, reliable, and
efficient. In this generation remote
processing, time-sharing,
multiprogramming operating system
were used. High-level languages
(FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL
PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were
used during this generation.
The main features of third
generation are:
IC used
More reliable in comparison to previous two generations
Smaller size
Generated less heat
Faster
Lesser maintenance
Costly
AC required
Consumed lesser electricity
Supported high-level language
Some computers of this generation were:
IBM-360 series
Honeywell-6000 series
PDP (Personal Data Processor)
IBM-370/168
TDC-316
The period of fourth generation was
from 1971-1980. Computers of fourth
generation used Very Large Scale
Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits
having about 5000 transistors and
other circuit elements with their
associated circuits on a single chip
made it possible to have
microcomputers of fourth generation.
Fourth generation computers became
more powerful, compact, reliable, and
affordable. As a result, it gave rise to
Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In
this generation, time sharing, real
time networks, distributed operating
system were used. All the high-level
languages like C, C++, DBASE etc.,
were used in this generation.
 The main features of fourth generation are:
VLSI technology used
Very cheap
Portable and reliable
Use of PCs
Very small size
Pipeline processing
No AC required
Concept of internet was introduced
Great developments in the fields of networks
Computers became easily available

Some computers of this generation were:

DEC 10
STAR 1000
PDP 11
CRAY-1(Super Computer)
CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
The period of fifth generation is 1980-
till date. In the fifth generation, VLSI
technology became ULSI (Ultra Large
Scale Integration) technology, resulting
in the production of microprocessor
chips having ten million electronic
components. This generation is based
on parallel processing hardware and AI
(Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is
an emerging branch in computer
science, which interprets the means
and method of making computers think
like human beings. All the high-level
languages like C and C++, Java, .Net
etc., are used in this generation.
 AI includes:
Robotics
Neural Networks
Game Playing
Development of expert systems to make decisions in real-life situations
Natural language understanding and generation
The main features of fifth generation are:
ULSI technology
Development of true artificial intelligence
Development of Natural language processing
Advancement in Parallel Processing
Advancement in Superconductor technology
More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features
Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
Some computer types of this generation are:
Desktop
Laptop
NoteBook
UltraBook
ChromeBook