MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS

OF LIFESTYLE DISEASES
Prepared by:
Albert Bermido Talagtag
Modifiable Risk Factors of Lifestyle
Diseases
 “Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the top killers in
the Philippines. Of the total deaths in 2008, 57% are due to
the “fatal four” NCDs, namely cardiovascular disease,
cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory disease. It is
estimated that 35 to 50 percent of NCD deaths occurred
before the age of 60. A significant proportion of Filipino
adults continue to be exposed to the NCD risks of tobacco
and alcohol use, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity.”

-The World Health Organization – Western Pacific Region

SMOKING – is a practice in which a substance is
burned and the resulting smoke breathed in to be
tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream.
Why do people start smoking?
a. Parental Role Model
b. Adolescent Experimentation and rebellion
c. Depression
d. Limited Education
e. Weight Control
f. Aggressive Marketing
g. Stress
h. Addiction

Why do people keep smoking?

a. Pleasure
b. Fear of weight gain
c. Nicotine dependence
d. Use of other substances (many smokers also use alcohol and drugs)
Did you know that……
• In the Philippines, 28% of the adult population (age 15+) smokes
tobacco.
• Almost half of men (48%) and nine percent of women smoke.
• Among the youth, (age 13-15), 17.5% smoke cigarettes (boys, 23%;
girls, 12%) and eight percent currently use tobacco products other
than cigarettes (boys, 8%; girls, 7%)

Health Consequences…..
• Smoking is estimated to kill over 73,000 Filipino each day.
• Among the youth (age 13-15), 55% are exposed to second-hand
smoke at home and 65% in public places.
• Almost 40% of adults are exposed to second-hand smoke in their
homes and 37% of workers are exposed to second-hand smoke in
workplace.
POOR DIETARY HABITS
Dietary Habits are the usual choices of food that the
people make. Diet affects an individual health condition.

Poor dietary habits occurs when the person does not

follow the principles of good nutrition (adequancy,
balance and variety).

• ADECUANCY refers to moderate amounts of nutrients to

maintain normal body function.
• BALANCE refers to correct combination of nutrients.
• VARIETY refers to consumption of different types of food
products.
 Under consumption and Over consumption of unhealthy food is part of poor
dietary habits that may affect the amount of essential nutrients in the body such
as vitamins, minerals, protein, fiber, as well as fluids.

 Poor dietary habits leads to malnutrition, resulting to stress, tiredness, sleep

deprivation, weak brain functions, indigestion, and heart problems. It adds up to
risk of developing diseases and health problems such as:
• Obesity
• Tooth decay
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol Types of Eating
• Heart disease and stroke • Carbohydrates Loading
• Type-2 diabetes • Stress Eating
• Osteoporosis • Social Eating
• Certain types of cancer
• Depression
• Eating disorder.
SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE
 Sedentary lifestyle occurs when an individual lacks the recommended
level of regular physical activity or if he/she is physically inactive.
 Physical Inactivity is the leading factor of death worldwide. According to
the WHO, 60-85% of the world’s population does not have enough physical
activity. In the Philippines, the 7th National Nutrition Survey in 2008 reveals
that 9 out of 10 Filipinos do not exercise regularly.

Physical Inactivity may cause the following

- Increase risks of certain cancers
- Contribute to anxiety and depression
- Risk factor to certain cardiovascular diseases
- Increase risks of having a coronary heart disease and obesity
- Decrease in skeletal muscle mass due to excessive sitting
- High blood pressure and increased cholesterol levels.
TYPES OF DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH UNHEALTHY LIFESTYLE
1. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE – a disease of the heart and blood vessels and is the leading
cause of death in the Philippines.

Types of Cardiovascular Disease

1. Arteriosclerosis A condition causing the arteries to harden and thicken. Some types are natural to growing old.

2. Atherosclerosis Type of arteriosclerosis where deposited fat hardens and becomes plaque on the arterial walls. Plaque
build-up can begin as early as two years old.

3. Coronary Heart Disease Coronary arteries (pathway of blood to the heart muscles) are narrowed or blocked; a disease of the
coronary vessels and not the heart.

4. Heart Attack Cardiac muscle failure due to lack of blood flow to the heart.

5. Angina Pectoris Chest pain from narrowed coronary arteries due to inadequate oxygen for the heart. Angina attack
usually lasts less than five minutes.

6. Rheumatic Heart Disease The immune system attacks the heart and can cause fever, weakness and damage to its valves.
It is common among teens and results to a permanent damage known as rheumatic heart disease.

7. Heart Rhythm Irregular heart rhythm (i.e, bradycardia, tachycardia, palpitation) brought about by faulty electrical
Abnormalities/Arrythmia conduction system that is worsened by uncontrolled stress levels and high caffeine intake.

8. Congestive Heart Failure The heart is not able or below its normal capacity to pump blood, causing liquid to accumulate in the
lungs and other areas of the body. Reducing salt and salty foods help manage this condition.
2. CANCER – a disease where cells divide in an unconditional pace. These cells can
form a tumor, which can be identified benign or malignant through a biopsy
procedure. One of the risk factors associated with the cancer is unhealthy lifestyle.

Types of Cancer
- Breast cancer
- Lung cancer
- Prostate cancer
- Colon cancer
- Cervical cancer

What is the Difference between Malignant and Benign Tumor?

• Malignant is cancerous. The tumor can spread to invade and destroy nearby tissues
and body parts. This process is called metastasis.
• Benign is not cancerous. Benign tumors can increase in size but do not invade other
body parts. It is typically harmless unless it obstructs normal tissues and organs.
Major Categories of Cancer
• Carcinoma is the most common of the major categories; an invasive malignant tumor from epithelial
tissue that tends to spread to the other body parts. Cancer of the skin, breast, uterus, prostate, lung,
stomach, colon, and rectum are example of carcinoma.
• Sarcoma is a connective or supportive cancer, which include muscle, bone, fat blood vessel, and
cartilage cancers.
• Lymphoma arises in cell of lymphatic or the immune system tissues characterized by abnormal
production of white cells and decrease in resistance.
• Leukemia is the cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal production of
blood cells, usually leukocytes or white blood cells.

3. Chronic respiratory disease – commonly called “Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD);
occurs in the air paths and other parts of the lungs. Symptoms include breathlessness, chronic cough,
and excessive mucus production. COPD can be life-threatening and may lead to death if not detected
and cured early.

Major risk factors of COPD include:

• Tobacco smoking;
• Indoor pollution;
• Outdoor air pollution; and
• Occupational dusts and chemicals like vapors, irritants, and fumes.
4. Diabetes or Diabetes Mellitus – disease resulting from a condition of the body wherein
the body is not able to produce or effective insulin.

Types of Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes - An insulin-reliant diabetes because the body produces little or no insulin at all.
- The immune system destroys the cells producing insulin, which causes the building of
sugar in the blood and loss of sugar in the urine.
- Symptoms: thirst, frequent urination, hunger, weight loss, blurred vision and tiredness.

Type 2 Diabetes - non-insulin dependent.

- Occurs when the body produces insulin but it cannot be used by the cells.
- This is manageable through oral medication and a lifestyle based on diet and
exercise program.

Gestational Diabetes - Occurs in certain pregnant individuals.

- The hormones cause the body not to respond to insulin produced by the body.
- It is not harmful to the baby and can be treated only with proper diet.
HEALTY LIFESTYLE

“Health is Wealth.” A healthy lifestyle is all

about making one’s health and well-being
a priority. It is a choice made by an
individual, a commitment made for his own
good and that of his loved ones.”

-Pilipinas Go4Health 2013

Ways to prevent Lifestyle Diseases

Eat healthy food

Do daily routines of physical activity
Do not smoke
Drink moderate amounts of alcohol
only
Managing stress
THE 2012 NUTRITIONAL GUIDELINES FOR FILIPINOS

1. Eat a variety of foods everyday to get the nutrients needed by the body.
2. Breastfeed infants exclusively from birth up to six months. Give appropriate complementary
food while continuously breastfeeding up to two years and beyond for optimum growth and
development.
3. Eat more vegetables and fruits everyday to get essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber for
regulation of body processes.
4. Consume fish, lean meat, poultry, egg, dried beans, and/or nuts daily for growth repair of
body tissues.
5. Consume milk, milk products, and other calcium-rich food such as small fish and shellfish
everyday for healthy bones and teeth.
6. Consume safe foods and water to prevent diarrhea and other food and water-borne
diseases.
7. Use iodized salt to prevent Iodine deficiency disorder.
8. Limit intake of salty, fried, fatty and sugar-rich food to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
9. attain normal body weight through proper diet and practice moderate physical activity to
maintain good health and prevent obesity.
10. Be physically active, make healthy food choices, manage stress, avoid alcoholic
beverages, and do not smoke to help prevent healthy lifestyle-related noncommunicable
diseases.