FM TRANSMITTER

AND RECEIVER

SUBMITTED BY:-
 INTRODUCTION
It is not practicable to send electronic signals over wire to distant places. They are
sent by radio. Low frequency signals, as in the audio range, cannot be frequency
signals, as in the audio range, cannot be transmitted efficiently, so they are
converted to higher frequency called radio frequencies, which can be transmitted
effectively over long distance.

The electronic equipment used to produce radio frequency (RF) signals for radio
transmission is called a transmitter. The function of the transmitter is to generate
RF carrier of proper frequency and sufficient power. The output of a transmitter is
applied to an antenna, which radiates the signal into space. A basic transmitter
consists of an oscillator and an RF amplifier. The oscillator generates a continuous
sinusoidal output that serves as the carrier frequency. The carrier is amplified to
the required power level by the RF amplifier as shown in figure. An antenna
connected to the output of RF amplifier radiates the signal into space.
 BROADCAST TRANSMITTERS
For interference free reception in a given area, it is necessary that there
should be no side band overlapping in the transmitted intelligence. To
avoid this over lapping transmitting source that simultaneously cover the
same area must use different carrier frequencies.

The following table shows the radio frequency bandwidths covered by the
different types of signals and the carrier frequencies at which the signals
are commonly transmitted.

According to use, for the transmission of information there are two types
of transmitters:
(1) Radio Telegraph Transmitter
(2) Radio Telephone Transmitter (Broadcast)
 MODULATION
The process which carrier changes wave so that it can carry a message is
called modulation. Every communication transmitter needs modulation,
because the carrier by itself (i.e. unpopulated) cannot convey
intelligence. It can be defined as a process in which some
characteristics, usually amplitude, frequency, or phase of a sinusoidal.
Voltage is varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of some
other voltage called the modulating voltage. The reverse process, the
extraction of this information from the radio wave at a receiver is called
demodulation or detection.
 NECESSARY OF MODULATION
The transmission of audio signals, the electrical equivalent of sound waves,
directly from a transmitter is not only impossible but is impracticable. The
audio frequencies corresponding to sound waves range from about 15
hertz to 20 thousand hertz. The waves lengths of the frequencies range
from 20 thousand to 15 KM (wave length = velocity X frequency) the
velocity of radio waves is about 300 X 10 meter per second).

To transmit a radio wave the antenna of the transmitter must be

approximately of the same size as the waves to be radiated. It is clearly
impossible to construct antenna thousands of kilometers long. On the
other hand the wave length of a 1000 Kilo hertz radio wave is 300 Meter
and antenna of this order of size can be easily constructed. The only
practical solution, therefore, to modulate a radio frequency carrier with
audio (sound) or video (picture) signals.
 FREQUENCY MODULATION

Amplitude modulation suffers from two defects one is noise. Almost all the natural
and man-made noise such as atmospheric lighting, thunderstorms and electrical
machines, etc., consists of electrical amplitude disturbances. The receiver cannot
distinguish between amplitude variations that represent noise and those that contain
the desired sound (i.e., the modulation). AM reception is, therefore, generally noisy.

The second defect of AM is the lack of fidelity or audio quality. For high quality it is
necessary that all audio frequencies upto about 15KHz to accommodate both
sidebands. On the other hand, AM broadcasting stations are assigned channels only
20 KHz wide and most of them use only 15 KHz to avoid interference with adjacent
channels. In this way the highest audio modulating frequency is restricted to 7.5KHz,
which is not enough to reproduce music.
APPLICATIONS OF FREQUENCY MODULATION::

The outstanding advantage of FM is that it permits reception free from

interferences and noise. It, therefore, finds wide application in inter-
communication between moving vehicles (especially tanks), in the high-
speed high quality facsimile, transmission of detailed maps, photographs
and printed information of all kinds.
2. Used in the high fidelity radio receiver to provide excellent noise free
reception of voice and music.
3. It permits the use of a wider range of modulating frequencies and so
provides high fidelity.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The circuit is basically a radio frequency (RF) oscillator that operates around 100
MHz (100 million cycles per second). Audio picked up and amplified by the electric
microphone is fed into the audio amplifier stage built around the first transistor.
Output from the collector is fed into the base of the second transistor where it
modulates the resonant frequency of the tank circuit (the 5 turn coil and the trim
cap) by varying the junction capacitance of the transistor. Junction capacitance is a
function of the potential difference applied to the base of the transistor. The tank
circuit is connected in a Hartley oscillator circuit.
Let us look at the individual blocks of the circuit more closely.

The electric microphone an electret is a permanently charged dielectric. It is made

by heating a ceramic material, placing it in a magnetic field then allowing it to cool
while still in the magnetic field. It is the electrostatic equivalent of a permanent
magnet. In the electret microphone a slice of this material is used as part of the
dielectric of a capacitor in which the diaphram of the microphone forms one plate.
Sound pressure moves one of its plates. The movement of the plate changes the
capacitance. The electret capacitor is connected to an FET amplifier. These
microphones are small, have excellent sensitivity, a wide frequency response and a
very low cost.
 COMPONENTS REQUIRED
TRANSISTOR
1. T1................... 194 B
RESISTANCE
1. R1...................10 KILO W
2. R2...................470 W
CAPACITOR
1. C1................... 1mF
2. C2................... .01mF
3. C3................... 10PF
4. C4................... 10PF
5. C5................... 10PF
6. C6................... .01mF
7. C7................... .001mF
8. C8................... .01mF
MISCELLANEOUS
1. CONDENCER MIC
2. COIL
3. BATTERY.............. 3 VOLT DC
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 FM RECEIVER
INTRODUCTION

FM broadcast in India has gained much popularity and AIR (All India Radio)
is now using FM channels. Although the quality of FM transmission is quite
good and stereophonic, several listeners often complain that their receiver,
including imported ones, produce quite a bit of noise. Indian market is
flooded with such FM receivers which though labeled as stereos, are not
really so. Their output power is so low that the stereophonic effect cannot
be produced.

AMPLIFICATION::

Amplification is the process where by small amount of voltage, current or

power at the input side of a circuit is increased so that larger amount of
voltage, current or power available at the output side of the circuit. This
process is achieved by uses of an active circuit element such as Transistor
or vacuum tube or integrated circuit. This circuit is based on the power
amplification achieved by Integrated Circuit
 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

FM RECEIVER::

The circuit diagram of the FM receiver using CXA1019S is shown in Fig. 8. In the
circuit, L1 and C1 form the tank circuit for producing oscillations for the RF stage. L3,
C7, and variable capacitor (VC1) form the tank circuit for the local oscillator. A
10.7MHz ceramic filter (CF2) is used to separate the intermediate frequency of about
200 kHz bandwidth. The audio output is available from pin 24 of the IC through
coupling capacitor C12. LED1 is used for fine-tuning indication. A +5V is applied to
pin 27 of the IC through current-limiting resistor R1.
COMPONENTS USED

SEMICONDUCTOR
1. IC-1..........................................CXA1019S
2. IC-2..........................................810 TBA
RESISTORS
1. R-1..........................................55W
2. R-1..........................................880 W
3. R-1..........................................150 W
4. R-1..........................................100K
5. R-5, R-6..................................330 W
6. R-7..........................................68K W
7. R-8.........................................330KW
8. R-9..........................................39W
9. R-10..........................................100 W
10. R-11.........................................1W
CAPACITORS

1. C-1..................................22P
2. C2-C3, C9-C10...............0.02m
3. C-4..........….....................100m 16V
4. C-5..................................4.7m 16V
5. C-6..................................3P
6. C-7, C-8..........................33P
7. C-11................................0.005m
8. C-12................................0.22m
9. C-13................................10mF/6.4V
10. C-14................................100 mF/25V
11. C-15................................1000mF/6.4V
12. C-16................................100mF/16V
13. C-17.........…....................1000mF/16V
14. C-18................................680pF.
15. C-19................................3.3nF
16. C-20..........…...................0.1mF
17. C-21............….................1000mF/16V
18. VC-1, VC-2......................50P
MISCELLANEOUS
1. CF1-CF2......................10.7MHz Ceramic Resonator
2. L1-L3.........................0.5 MM Diameter 22 SWG AIR CORE
3. SPEAKER.....................8W(with Heat Sink)
4. LED
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM