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Shell Momentum Balances and Velocity Distribution in Laminar Flow

setting up shell momentum balance in laminar flow of a circular pipe and falling film and determining velocity profile

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Rose Dane Escobedo Diesta
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428 views18 pages

Shell Momentum Balances and Velocity Distribution in Laminar Flow

setting up shell momentum balance in laminar flow of a circular pipe and falling film and determining velocity profile

Uploaded by

Rose Dane Escobedo Diesta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Shell Momentum Balances and

Velocity Distribution in Laminar Flow


Introduction
• Objective: how to obtain the velocity profiles for
laminar flows of fluids in simple flow systems
• Systems considered is steady-flow only. This means P,
ρ, and 𝐯 at each point in the stream do not change in
time
• Applied to laminar flow only. Laminar flow is the
orderly flow at velocities sufficiently low that layers
move along a thin line
• Turbulent flow – wildly chaotic flow at sufficiently high
velocities that the particle flung apart and dispersed
throughout the entire cross section of the tube. Eddies
are present
The Reynolds Number
• The flow characteristics is determined by the ratio
of kinetic or intertial forces to the viscous forces:
𝜌𝑣 2 𝜌𝐷𝑣
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = =
𝜇𝑣/𝐷 𝜇
• For straight circular pipe, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 < 2100 is always
laminar
• 𝑁𝑅𝑒 > 4000, turbulent
• In between is the transition region (either
turbulent or laminar, depending on the apparatus)
Shell Momentum Balance
• Shear stress and velocity distribution can be
calculated by setting up a momentum balance over a
thin “shell” of the fluid

• A restricted statement of the law of conservation of


momentum
• Velocity considered are rectilinear and has only one
component.
Steps for setting up shell momentum
balances
• Identify the non-vanishing velocity component
and the spatial variable on which it depends.
• Write a momentum balance over a thin shell
perpendicular to the relevant spatial variable.
• Let the thickness of the shell approach zero
and make use of the definition of the first
derivative to obtain the corresponding
differential equation for the momentum flux
• Integrate this equation to get the momentum-
flux distribution.
• Insert Newton's law of viscosity and obtain a
differential equation for the velocity.
• Integrate this equation to get the velocity
distribution.
• Use the velocity distribution to get other
quantities, such as the maximum velocity,
average velocity, or force on solid surfaces.
Boundary Conditions
a. At solid-fluid interfaces the fluid velocity equals the velocity with
which the solid surface is moving; this statement is applied to
both the tangential and the normal component of the velocity
vector. The equality of the tangential components is referred to as
the "no-slip condition.'‘
b. At a liquid-liquid interfacial plane of constant x, the tangential
velocity components vy and vz, are continuous through the
interface (the "no-slip condition") as are also the molecular stress-
tensor components p +𝝉xx, 𝝉xy, and 𝝉xz.
c. At a liquid-gas interfacial plane of constant x, the stress-tensor 𝝉xy,
and 𝝉xz are taken to be zero, provided that the gas-side velocity
gradient is not too large. This is reasonable, since the viscosities of
gases are much less than those of liquids
Flow of a falling film
• Consider the flow of a liquid down an inclined plate
of length L and with W.
• Edge disturbances are neglected (W and L are large
compare to film thickness 𝛿)
• Assumptions:
– For small flowrates, we expect viscous forces will prevent
continued acceleration of the liquid down the wall (𝑣𝑧 is
independent of 𝑧)
– 𝑣𝑧 = 𝑣𝑧 𝑥 , 𝑣𝑥 = 0 and 𝑣𝑦 = 0 and 𝑝 = 𝑝 𝑥
• Non-vanishing component of 𝛕 is 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = −𝜇 𝑑𝑣𝑧 /𝑑𝑥
• Select a thin shell perpendicular to the x-direction:
• Rate of z-directed momentum thru all possible
mechanisms:
• 𝑣𝑥 and 𝑣𝑦 = 0
• 𝑣𝑧 = 𝑣𝑧 𝑥
• 𝑝 and 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑧 is the same at z=0 and z=L
• Shell Balance

• Divided by LW∆𝑥 and taking the limit as ∆𝑥 →


0

• Components of the 𝛟
• Since 𝜏𝑥𝑧 is dependent only in x:

• Integrating:

• Using BC1 (at x=0, 𝜏𝑥𝑧 =0), C1=0, so the


momentum flux distribution is
• We substitute NLV and integrating:

• Using BC2 (at 𝑥 = 𝛿, 𝑣𝑧 = 0):


Machine Problem 1:
• Set up in the most detailed way the shell
momentum Balances for flow inside a circular
pipe. Define variables, explain vanishing and
non-vanishing components and plot the
results. Discuss also the implication of the
results and cite examples on where we can
use the results.
• Do the same for flow through an annulus.

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