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Basic Biology and Physiology-Lecture 5 - DNA

The document discusses the central dogma of molecular biology where DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein. It describes gene expression, the genetic code involving codons, and the basic components and structures of nucleic acids including nucleotides, DNA, and RNA. DNA replication is also summarized where two identical copies of DNA are produced from one original DNA molecule.

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27 views26 pages

Basic Biology and Physiology-Lecture 5 - DNA

The document discusses the central dogma of molecular biology where DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein. It describes gene expression, the genetic code involving codons, and the basic components and structures of nucleic acids including nucleotides, DNA, and RNA. DNA replication is also summarized where two identical copies of DNA are produced from one original DNA molecule.

Uploaded by

Rajdeep Pawar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BASIC BIOLOGY &

PHYSIOLOGY

BMV 703

Lecture-V: DNA
Course Instructor: Jayanta Bhattacharyya
Central Dogma

DNA ---------→ RNA---------→Protein.


This unidirectional flow equation represents the Central
Dogma (fundamental law) of molecular biology.

This is the mechanism whereby inherited information is


used to create actual objects, namely enzymes and
structural proteins.

An exception to the central dogma is that certain viruses


(retroviruses) make DNA from RNA using the enzyme
reverse transcriptase.
Gene Expression

Genes are DNA sequences that encode proteins (the


gene product)

Gene expression refers to the process whereby the


information contained in genes begins to have effects
in the cell.

DNA encodes and transmits the genetic information


passed down from parents to offspring.
Genetic code

• The alphabet of the genetic code contains only four


letters (A,T,G,C).

• A number of experiments confirmed that the genetic code


is written in 3-letter words, each of which codes for
particular amino acid.

• A nucleic acid word (3 nucleotide letters) is referred to as


a codon.
Codon chart
Nucleic acids

• Principle information molecule in the cell.

• All the genetic codes are carried out on the


nucleic acids.

• Nucleic acid is a linear polymer of


nucleotides
Nucleotides
• Nucleotides are the unit structure of nucleic
acids.
• Nucleotides composed of 3 components:
• Nitrogenous base (A, C, G, T or U)
• Pentose sugar
• Phosphate
Nitrogenous bases

• There are 2 types:


• Purines:
• Two ring structure
• Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

• Pyrimidines:
• Single ring structure
• Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) or Uracil (U).
Nucleotide bases
Types of Nucleic acids
There are 2 types of nucleic acids:
1. Deoxy-ribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Pentose Sugar is deoxyribose (no OH at 2’ position)
• Bases are Purines (A, G) and Pyrimidine (C, T).
2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• Pentose Sugar is Ribose.
• Bases are Purines (A, G) and Pyrimidines (C, U).
Linear Polymerization of Nucleotides
• Nucleic acids are
formed of nucleotide
polymers.
• Nucleotides polymerize
together by phospho-
diester bonds via
condensation reaction.
• The phospho-diester
bond is formed
between:
• Hydroxyl (OH) group
of the sugar of one
nucleotide.
• Phosphate group of
other nucleotide
Polymerization of Nucleotides

• The formed polynucleotide chain


is formed of:
• Negative (-ve) charged
Sugar-Phosphate backbone.
• Free 5’ phosphate on one
end (5’ end)
• Free 3’ hydroxyl on other
end (3’ end)
• Nitrogenous bases are not in
the backbone
• Attached to the backbone
• Free to pair with
nitrogenous bases of other
polynucleotide chain
Polymerization of Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.

The nucleotides formed of purine or pyrimedine bases linked


to phosphorylated sugars (nucleotide back bone).

The bases are linked to the pentose sugar to form Nucleoside.

The nucleotides contain one phosphate group linked to the 5’


carbon of the nucleoside.

Nucleotide = Nucleoside + Phosphate group


The polymerization of nucleotides to form nucleic
acids occur by condensation reaction by making
phospho-diester bond between 5’ phosphate
group of one nucleotide and 3’ hydroxyl group of
another nucleotide.

Polynucleotide chains are always synthesized in


the 5’ to 3’ direction, with a free nucleotide being
added to the 3’ OH group of a growing chain.
Complementary base pairing
It is the most important structural feature of nucleic acids

It connects bases of one polynucleotide chain (nucleotide


polymer) with complementary bases of other chain

Complementary bases are bonded together via:


 Double hydrogen bond between A and T (DNA), A and
U (RNA) (A═T or A═U)
Triple H-bond between G and C in both DNA or RNA
(G≡C)
Base pairing
Significance of complementary
base pairing
The importance of such complementary base
pairing is that each strand of DNA can act as
template to direct the synthesis of other strand
similar to its complementary one.

Thus nucleic acids are uniquely capable of


directing their own self replication.

The information carried by DNA and RNA


direct the synthesis of specific proteins which
control most cellular activities.
DNA structure
DNA is a double stranded molecule
consists of 2 polynucleotide chains
running in opposite directions.

Both strands are complementary to each


other.

The bases are on the inside of the


molecules and the 2 chains are joined
together by double H-bond between A
and T and triple H-bond between C and
G.

The base pairing is very specific which


make the 2 strands complementary to
each other.
RNA structure
It is formed of linear polynucleotide

It is generally single stranded

The pentose sugar is Ribose

Uracil (U) replace Thymine (T) in the pyrimidine


bases.

Although RNA is generally single stranded, intra-


molecular H-bond base pairing occur between
complementary bases on the same molecule
(secondary structure)
Types of RNA

• Messenger RNA (mRNA):


• Carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series
of 3-base code, each of which specifies a particular amino acid.

• Transfer RNA (tRNA):


• It is the key that read the code on the mRNA.
• Each amino acid has its own tRNA, which binds to it and carries it to
the growing end of a polypeptide chain.

• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA):


• Associated with a set of proteins to form the ribosomes.
• These complex structures, which physically move along the mRNA
molecule, catalyze the assembly of amino acids into protein chain.
• They also bind tRNAs that have the specific amino acids according
to the code.
RNA structure
• RNA is a single stranded polynucleotide
molecule.

• It can take 3 levels of structure;


• Primary: sequence of nucleotides
• Secondary: hairpin loops (base pairing)
RNA structure

Transfer RNA (tRNA) structure


DNA replication
A biological process of producing two identical replicas
of DNA from one original DNA molecule.

Anti parallel strands replicated simultaneously


Leading strand synthesis continuously in 5’– 3’
Lagging strand synthesis in fragments in 5’-3’

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