Computer Graphics: in The Name of God
Computer Graphics: in The Name of God
Computer Graphics
Overview
• Introduction
• Geometry
• Interaction
• Graphic systems
1. Raster Graphics
2. Random Graphics
3. DVST
References
• Computer Graphics, Donald Hearn - M. Pauline Baker
2nd edition - international edition, Prentice Hall, 1994
1. Mathematical Elements For Computer Graphics ,
D.Roger and J.A. Adams, Mc Graw Hill 1990.
2. 3D Computer Graphics, Alan Watt, Addison Wesley,
1994.
3. Computer Graphics, Francis S. Hills, Mac Millan,
Publishing Company, 1990.
Evaluation
Image Analysis
(pattern recognition)
Mathematical
Image
Model
Image Synthesis
(Rendering)
OpenGL
Introduction
Computer graphics
(Photo realistic rendering,
Non photo realistic rendering)
Virtual reality
Image processing
Interactive Computer Graphics
User input
Application
Screen image
Supporting knowledge
• Computer science (algorithms, data
structures, …)
• Mathematics (geometry, numerical, …)
• Physics (Optics, mechanics, …)
• Psychology (Colour, perception)
• Art and design
Applications
• Computer Aided Design (CAD)
• Computer Aided Geometric Design (CAGD)
• Entertainment (animation, games, …)
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
• Visualization (Scientific Vis., Inform. Vis.)
• Medical Visualization
• …
Representations in graphics
Vector Graphics
• Image is represented by continuous
geometric objects: lines, curves, etc.
Raster Graphics
• Image is represented as an rectangular grid
of coloured squares
Vector graphics
• Graphics objects: geometry + colour
• Complexity ~ O(number of objects)
• Geometric transformation possible without
loss of information (zoom, rotate, …)
• Diagrams, schemes, ...
• Examples: PowerPoint, CorelDraw, ...
Raster graphics
• Generic
• Image processing techniques
• Geometric Transformation: loss of information
• Complexity ~ O(number of pixels)
• Jagged edges, anti-aliasing
• Realistic images, textures, ...
• Examples: Paint, PhotoShop, ...
Conversion
Vector graphics
Raster graphics
display devices
Anti-aliasing
– softens edges by using shades of line colour
– also used for text
Cathode ray tube
• Stream of electrons emitted from electron gun, focused
and directed by magnetic fields, hit phosphor-coated
screen which glows
• used in TVs and computer monitors
electron beam
electron gun
focussing and
deflection
phosphor-
coated screen
CRT Basics Horizontal
Focusing Deflection
System Plate
Heating
Filament
Electron Beam
Cathode
Control Accelerating Vertical
Grid System Deflection
Plate
Phosphor-
Coated
Screen
Graphics Devices
• Output Devices
– CRT Displays CPU DP Display
– Hard Copy Devices
• Input Devices
– Locator Input Hard Copy
– Stroke
– String (Keyboard)
– Valuator
– Choice (Button)
– Pick
DP (Display Processor)
CPU DP CRT
Memory Input
Why DP ?
– Scan conversion
– Refreshing screen
– Interfacing with interactive input devices
– Raster operations
– Character generation
– Additional functions
Raster-Scan Display
input
CPU DP CRT
pixel
Frame Buffer
Pixel = Picture element (bit-map)
(c) (d)
A raster-scan system displays an object as a set of points
across each screen scan line
Interlacing
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Liquid crystal displays
• Smaller, lighter, and … no radiation problems.
• How it works …
– Top plate transparent and polarised, bottom plate reflecting.
– Light passes through top plate and crystal, and reflects back to eye.
– Voltage applied to crystal changes polarisation and hence colour
– N.B. light reflected not emitted => less eye strain
LCD ( Liquid Crystal Display )
Basics
Viewing
direction
• Keyboards
• Dials
• Touch Panels
• Light Pen
• Graphics Tablets
• 3D-Tablet
• Joystick / Mouse / Trackball
• Button
• Voice Systems