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Approaches To Semantic Analysis

Latent semantic analysis (LSA) is a technique that analyzes relationships between texts and terms by constructing a matrix of word counts per paragraph and using singular value decomposition to reduce dimensions while preserving similarity. Paragraphs are then compared by calculating the cosine similarity of their vector representations. First-order logic represents statements as subjects (variables) and predicates, which define properties of the subject. A statement takes the form Px or P(x) with P as the predicate and x as the variable subject. Quantifiers like "for all" and "there exists" can also be used. A semantic network is a knowledge base that represents semantic relations between concepts as a directed or undirected graph with vertices for concepts

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26 views

Approaches To Semantic Analysis

Latent semantic analysis (LSA) is a technique that analyzes relationships between texts and terms by constructing a matrix of word counts per paragraph and using singular value decomposition to reduce dimensions while preserving similarity. Paragraphs are then compared by calculating the cosine similarity of their vector representations. First-order logic represents statements as subjects (variables) and predicates, which define properties of the subject. A statement takes the form Px or P(x) with P as the predicate and x as the variable subject. Quantifiers like "for all" and "there exists" can also be used. A semantic network is a knowledge base that represents semantic relations between concepts as a directed or undirected graph with vertices for concepts

Uploaded by

Prathmesh Bamane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Approaches to Semantic Analysis

Statistical Approach

Latent Semantic Analysis -LSA is a technique in natural language


processing, in particular distributional semantics, of analyzing
relationships between a set of documents and the terms they
contain.
Latent Semantic Analysis

● LSA assumes that words that are close in meaning will occur in
similar pieces of text.
● A matrix containing word counts per paragraph (rows represent
unique words and columns represent each paragraph) is
constructed from a large piece of text and a mathematical
technique called singular value decomposition (SVD) is used to
reduce the number of rows while preserving the similarity
structure among columns.
● Paragraphs are then compared by taking the cosine of the
angle between the two vectors (or the dot product between the
normalizations of the two vectors) formed by any two columns.
● Values close to 1 represent very similar paragraphs while
values close to 0 represent very dissimilar paragraphs.
First order predicate logic

First-order logic is symbolized reasoning in which each sentence,


or statement, is broken down into a subject and a predicate.

The predicate modifies or defines the properties of the subject. In


first-order logic, a predicate can only refer to a single subject.
A sentence in first-order logic is written in the form Px or P(x),
where P is the predicate and x is the subject, represented as a
variable

In first-order logic, a sentence can be structured using the universal


quantifier (symbolized ) or the existential quantifier ( ). Consider a
subject that is a variable represented by x. Let A be a predicate "is
an apple," F be a predicate "is a fruit," S be a predicate "is sour"',
and M be a predicate "is mushy."
Then we can say

x : Ax Fx

which translates to "For all x, if x is an apple, then x is a fruit." We can also say such things as

x : Fx Ax

x : Ax Sx

x : Ax Mx

where the existential quantifier translates as "For some."


Semantic network
A semantic network, or frame network is a knowledge base that
represents semantic relations between concepts in a network. This
is often used as a form of knowledge representation. It is a directed
or undirected graph consisting of vertices, which represent
concepts, and edges, which represent semantic relations between
concepts, mapping or connecting semantic fields.
Case Grammar

●Case Grammars attempt to describe any given sentence in terms of a


fixed frame of slots (called cases) which explicitly capture information
about any activities described in the sentence, the instigators of those
activities, positions, times, etc.
For example

"Gary repaired the car in the garage on Sunday"

could generate the following case frame:

Action repairs

Actor Gary

Object car

Location garage

Time Sunday
Conceptual Dependency

This representation is used in natural language processing in order


to represent them earning of the sentences in such a way that
inference we can be made from the sentences. It is independent of
the language in which the sentences were originally stated. CD
representations of a sentence is built out of primitives , which are
not words belonging to the language but are conceptual , these
primitives are combined to form the meaning s of the words. As an
example consider the event represented by the sentence.
Example-
Arrows indicate direction of dependency
Double arrow indicates two may link between actor and the action
P indicates past tense
ATRANS is one of the primitive acts used by the theory . it indicates
transfer of possession
0 indicates the object case relation
R indicates the recipient case relation
Conceptual dependency provides a str5ucture in which knowledge can
be represented and also a set of building blocks from which
representations can be built. A typical set of primitive actions are
ATRANS - Transfer of an abstract relationship(Eg: give)
PTRANS - Transfer of the physical location of an object(Eg: go)
PROPEL - Application of physical force to an object (Eg: push)
MOVE - Movement of a body part by its owner (eg : kick)
GRASP - Grasping of an object by an actor(Eg: throw)
INGEST - Ingesting of an object by an animal (Eg: eat)
EXPEL - Expulsion of something from the body of an animal (cry)
MTRANS - Transfer of mental information(Eg: tell)
MBUILD - Building new information out of old(Eg: decide)
SPEAK - Production of sounds(Eg: say)
ATTEND - Focusing of sense organ toward a stimulus (Eg: listen)
A second set of building block is the set of allowable dependencies
among the conceptualization describe in a sentence.

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