AGGRESSION

CALOOY, LEICA MAE T.

 The suspect in the alleged rape and
killing of a one-year-old boy, who was
later found in an abandoned building in
Makati City Wednesday morning, has
admitted committing the gruesome
crime.

 Five teenagers were charged with

murder for the alleged gang-
related stabbing of a student from
San Antonio High School, Makati
Police chief Senior Superintendent
Gerardo Umayao said Thursday.
  Gregory Bush is arraigned on two counts of murder and
10 counts of wanton endangerment Thursday, Oct. 25,
2018, in Louisville, Ky. Bush fatally shot two African-
American customers at a Kroger grocery store
Wednesday and was swiftly arrested as he tried to flee,
authorities said Thursday.
Photo: Scott Utterback/Courier Journal via AP Pool

 The Philippine National Police (PNP)

presented on Monday, November 20, the
suspect in the rape-slay of 22-year-old
bank employee Mabel Cama.
Police said Cama was raped, killed, burned,
then dumped in a towing company's garage
in Barangay Rosario on November 12.
 A Filipina mother of 2 was shot dead allegedly
by her husband inside a hotel in Dallas, Texas
late Monday night, July 29, police said Friday.
Dallas police identified the victim as 32-year-old
Jacqueline Rose Nicholas.
Her husband Peter Noble, 30, was arrested after
the incident and has been charged with murder.
Peter was found covered in blood when he
opened the door when police responded the
incident.
An extension cord was also wrapped around his
neck and he was believed to be under the
influence of drugs.
 AGGRESSION
 behaviour that is intended to injure someone
 Accidentally injuring someone is not considered as aggressive.
 Aggressive behaviours come in many forms:
 Violence – extreme acts of aggression
 Anger – consists of feelings of displeasure in response to a perceived injury
 Hostility – a negative, antagonistic attitude toward another person or group.
 Anger and hostility are often closely connected to aggression, but not always.
 Instrumental aggression – inflicting harm in order to obtain something of value
 Emotional aggression – inflicting harm for its own sake
Origins of Aggression
IS AGGRESSION INNATE?
 Instinct Theories
 Sigmund Freud  death instinct – profound, unconscious desire to escape the
tensions of living by becoming still, inanimate, dead.
 considered aggression toward others to be a moment of
victory for the life instinct
 Konrad Lorenz  regarded aggression as an innate, instinctual move
 argued that aggression secures an advantage in the struggle
for survival
 Sociobiology
 Leda Cosmides & John Tooby  believed that human warfare originated in the
attempts to obtain valuable resources
 Sociobiology emphasizes genetic survival rather than the
survival of an individual.
 Behaviour Genetics
 settles for the complexities of connecting the last two (2) theories.
 Gender Differences
 Whether men or women are more aggressive is influenced by the type
of aggressive behaviour.
 In most societies, men are more physically aggressive than women (Björkqvist
& Niemelä, 1992)
 The evidence for a gender difference in verbal aggression is decidedly mixed.
 Indirect type of aggression refers to the social manipulation of others in order to
harm the target person (i.e., spreading false stories, engaging in gossip and
backbiting, trying to get others to dislike the target person)
 Possible reasons for the typical gender difference in physical aggression
 Balance of sex hormones
 Social roles
IS AGGRESSION LEARNED?

 Aggressive behaviour is strongly affected by learning (Bandura, 1973; Patterson, 1986)

 Rewards obtained by aggression today increase its use tomorrow.
 positive reinforcement – when desired outcomes are obtained
 negative reinforcement – when undesirable outcomes are prevented or
stopped
 Punishment can decrease aggression when it
 immediately follows the aggressive behaviour
 is strong enough to deter the aggressor
 is consistently applied and perceived fair and legitimate by aggressor
 Albert Bandura  social learning theory – emphasizes that we learn from the example
of others as well as from direct experience with rewards and punishments.
Social & Situational Influences on Aggression
FRUSTRATION: AGGRESSION AS DRIVE
 John Dollard, et. al.,  frustration-aggression hypothesis:
 Frustration produced by interrupting a person’s progress toward an
expected goal will always elicit the motive to aggress.
 All aggression is caused by frustration.
 the motive to aggress is a psychological drive that resembles
physiological drives like hunger.
 the aggressive drive seeps out in the form of displacement, deflecting
the inclination to aggress from the real target only to land on a substitute.
 catharsis is the reduction of motive to aggress that is said to result from
any imagined, observed, or actual act of aggression.
NEGATIVE AFFECT: TEMPERATURE’S RISING
 in addition to frustrating experiences, a wide variety of noxious stimuli can create
negative feelings and increase aggression:
 noise (Geen & McCown, 1984)
 crowding (Fisher et. al., 1984)
 physical pain (Berkowitz & Heimer, 1989)
 bad odors (Rotton & Frey, 1985)
 cigarette smoke (Zillman et. al., 1981)
 Robert Baron  the effects of temperature and other unpleasant stimuli on aggression
can be best understood in terms of the negative affect escape model (Baron, 1977;
Baron & Richardson, 1994)
POSITIVE AFFECT: REDUCING RETALIATION
 when people are provoked by attack or insult, they often retaliate
(Dengerink et. al., 1978)
 retaliation is particularly prevalent in cultures that place a high
premium on protecting one’s honor by responding aggressively to
insults (Nisbett, 1993)
 feeling good appears to be incompatible with anger and
aggression
 an emphatic response to another person reduces aggression
against that individual (Miller & Eisenberg, 1988)
 AROUSAL: “WIRED” FOR ACTION
 Arousal-affect model – proposal that aggression is influenced by both
the intensity of arousal and the type of emotion produced by a stimulus

Intensity of Physiological Arousal

Aggression Aggression greatly

increases increases
Emotion
Type of

No effect Aggression increases

Aggression increases
Aggression Or
decreases Aggression decreases
THOUGHT: AUTOMATIC & CONSIDERED
 Situational Cues
 Leonard Berkowitz  cognitive-neoassociation analysis -
the view that unpleasant experiences
create negative effect, which in turn
stimulates associations connected
with anger and fear. Emotional and
behavioral outcomes then depend, at
least in part, on higher-order
cognitive processing.
 Frustration
Negative Fight Flight Situational Cues
Noxious Stimuli
Effect → Anger → Fear  Weapons effect
Provocation

Alcohol

Event-related information
 Perception of
Higher-order
intentionality
Cognitive processing  Apology
 Mitigating information
Emotion

Anger Fear

Behaviour

Aggression Avoidance
 the tendency to of weapons to increase the likelihood of
aggression by their mere presence is called weapons effect.
 any object or external characteristic that is associated with
(1) successful aggression or (2) the negative effect of pain or
unpleasantness can serve as an aggression-enhancing
situational cue (Berkowitz, 1993)
 Cognitive Control
 Mitigating information – information about a
person’s situation indicating that he or she should
not be held fully responsible for aggressive actions.
 MULTIPLE CAUSES, MULTIPLE CURES

i. Enlarge opportunities to achieve the goals valued by society

(i.e., social approval, status, financial success) through
nonviolent means.
ii. Reward nonaggressive behaviour.
iii. Provide attractive models of peaceful behaviour.
iv. Reduce all forms of aggression in our society, including
physical punishment of children, capital punishment of
criminals, and war.
v. Reduce frustration by improving the quality of life in housing,
health care, employment, and childcare.
vi. Provide fans and air-conditioned shelters when its hot.
vii. Reduce access to and display of weapons.
viii. Apologize when you’ve angered someone, and regard
apologies as a sign of strength – not weakness. Encourage
others to do likewise.
ix. Stop and think when you feel your temper rising. Control it
instead of letting it control you.
x. Discourage drinking and support efforts to provide treatment
for alcohol abuse.
Media Effects: Scenes of Violence
DEPICTIONS OF NONSEXUAL VIOLENCE
 Habituation – adaptation t something familiar, so
that both physiological and psychological
responses are reduced.
 Cultivation – process by which the mass media
(particularly television) construct a version of
social reality for the viewing public

PORNOGRAPHIC MATERIALS
 Pornography – explicit sexual material
INTIMATE VIOLENCE: TRUST BETRAYED
a) Sexual Aggression Among College Students
b) Physical Aggression Between Partners
c) Child Abuse