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ATM, Frame Relay

This document provides an overview of ATM and Frame Relay technologies. It describes how ATM uses fixed size cells and establishes virtual connections to provide quality of service guarantees. Key aspects of ATM covered include the protocol architecture, logical connections, cell structure, service categories, and adaptation layer. Frame Relay is also introduced as being more efficient than X.25 but less capable than ATM for high-speed networks.

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24 views

ATM, Frame Relay

This document provides an overview of ATM and Frame Relay technologies. It describes how ATM uses fixed size cells and establishes virtual connections to provide quality of service guarantees. Key aspects of ATM covered include the protocol architecture, logical connections, cell structure, service categories, and adaptation layer. Frame Relay is also introduced as being more efficient than X.25 but less capable than ATM for high-speed networks.

Uploaded by

Anonymous GAKeM1PGV
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 11.

ATM and Frame Relay

• Overview of ATM
• Protocol Architecture
• ATM Logical Connections
• ATM Cells
• ATM Service Categories
• ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
• Cell Transmission
• Frame Relay
Spring, 2003 EE 4272
ATM: Cell Switching
• ATM: a method of packet switching
• A virtual circuit packet switching technique with QoS
guarantee.
• Used in both WAN and LAN settings
• Signaling (connection setup) Protocol: Q.2931
• Packets of small fixed size are called cells
 5-byte header + 48-byte payload
• Similarities between ATM and other packet switching
 Transfer data of packets
 Multiple logical connections over single physical interface

Spring, 2003 EE 4272


Protocol Architecture

• User plane: Provides for


user information transfer
• Control plane: Call and
connection control
• Management plane
 Plane management:
whole system functions
 Layer management:
Resources and parameters
in protocol entities
• AAL layer: interface
between other transfer
protocol & ATM

Spring, 2003 EE 4272


ATM Logical Connections
• Virtual channel connections (VCC) : Basic unit of switching
between two end users
 Full duplex; Fixed size cells

• Virtual path connection (VPC): Bundle of VCC with same


end points

Spring, 2003 EE 4272


Advantages of Virtual Paths (VP) & Virtual Channels (VC)

• Two-level hierarchy of
virtual connection: many
VC are inside one VP, ATM
along that VP behave as if
there is only one connection.
Less connection-state
information stored in the
ATMs. The VCI is unique
locally inside the same VP.

• Simplified network
architecture

• Reduced processing &


Short connection setup time

Spring, 2003 EE 4272


Virtual Channel Connection Uses

• Between end users


 End to end user data
 Control signals
 VPC provides overall capacity
 VCC organization done by end users
• Between end user and network
 Control signaling
• Between network entities
 Network traffic management
 Routing

Spring, 2003 EE 4272


ATM Cells
• Fixed size: 5 bytes
header; 48 bytes data

• Small cells reduce


queuing delay for high
priority cells

• Easier to implement
switching of fixed size
cells in hardware

Spring, 2003 EE 4272


Variable vs Fixed-Length Packets

• Fixed-Length Easier to Switch in Hardware


 Hardware to do simple jobs: processing packet is simpler if
you know their size.

• No Optimal Length :
 if small: high header-to-data overhead
 if large: low resource utilization
 Compromise: 48 bytes = (32+64)/2

Spring, 2003 EE 4272


Header Format

• Generic flow control (GFC)


 Only at user to network interface
 Controls flow only at this point
• Virtual path identifier (VPI)
• Virtual channel identifier (VCI)
• Payload type (PT)
 e.g. user info or network management
• Cell loss priority (CLP)
• Header error control (CRC-8)

Spring, 2003 EE 4272


ATM Service Categories

• Real time: Amount of delay & Variation of delay (jitter)


 Constant bit rate (CBR): e.g., uncompressed audio and video
 Real time variable bit rate (rt-VBR) : e.g. compressed video
 Can statistically multiplex connections
• Non-real time: overall data transmission rate
 Non-real time variable bit rate (nrt-VBR): e.g. critical web
transaction such as bank trans.
 Available bit rate (ABR): Application specifies peak cell rate
(PCR) and minimum cell rate (MCR); Spare capacity shared among
all ABR sources
 Unspecified bit rate (UBR) -> best-effort service:
e.g.text/data/image transfer

Spring, 2003 EE 4272


ATM Bit Rate Services

Spring, 2003 EE 4272


ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)

• Support for information transfer protocol not based


on ATM
 Supported Application types
 General data service
 IP over ATM
 Multiprotocol encapsulation over ATM (MPOA)
• AAL Service
 Segmentation and re-assembly
 Handle transmission errors
 Handle lost and misinserted cells
 Flow control and timing

Spring, 2003 EE 4272


Segmentation and Reassembly
• ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL): 4 types by ITU
 AAL 1 and 2 designed for applications that need guaranteed
bit rate: e.g., voice, video
 AAL 3/4 designed for packet data ( connection-oriented such
as X.25, or connectionless such as IP)
 AAL 5 is an alternative standard for packet data
Variable-length
protocols (e.g., IP)

AAL AAL

… …
ATM ATM
Information needed
for reassemble @
destination

Spring, 2003 EE 4272


Transmission of ATM Cells

• ATM Data Rate:


 622.08Mbps
 155.52Mbps
 51.84Mbps
 25.6Mbps
• Physical Layers for ATM
 Run over several different physical media & physical-layer
protocols (e.g., SONET, FDDI, wireless physical layers).
 The standard ways of carrying ATM cells inside a
SONET/SDH frame have been defined

Spring, 2003 EE 4272


STM-1 Payload for SDH-Based ATM Cell Transmission

Spring, 2003 EE 4272


ATM is in danger?!

• In LAN network, it competes with Gigabit Ethernet

• In WAN network, it competes with IP

• Many of its innovations in high-speed switching, traffic


management, and QoS will survive in an IP-networking
framework

Spring, 2003 EE 4272


Frame Relay

• Designed to be more efficient than X.25


• Developed before ATM
• Larger installed base than ATM
• ATM now of more interest on high speed networks

Spring, 2003 EE 4272


Frame Relay Background - X.25

• Call control packets, in band signaling


• Multiplexing of virtual circuits at layer 3 (routing)
• Both layer 2 and 3 include flow and error control
• Considerable overhead
• Not appropriate for modern digital systems with high
reliability (e.g. optical transmission with less errors)

Spring, 2003 EE 4272


Frame Relay – Differences with X.25
• Call control carried in separate logical connection
(recall common channel signaling)
• Multiplexing and switching at layer 2
• No hop-by-hop (link layer) error or flow control
• End to end flow and error control (if used) are done
by higher layer (layer 3 or above)
• Single user data frame sent from source to
destination and ACK (from higher layer) sent back
• ITU-T recommend frame relay above 2Mbps

Spring, 2003 EE 4272

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