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SS3 Introduction To Database Systems

The document provides an introduction to databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses how technological advances have increased data storage and allowed new types of data collection. A DBMS allows users to define, construct, update, query and share a database. The main goals of the course are to understand how to use a DBMS to create databases and models and issue queries, and to understand how a DBMS works physically to store and manage data.

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Stuti Singh
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© © All Rights Reserved
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280 views

SS3 Introduction To Database Systems

The document provides an introduction to databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses how technological advances have increased data storage and allowed new types of data collection. A DBMS allows users to define, construct, update, query and share a database. The main goals of the course are to understand how to use a DBMS to create databases and models and issue queries, and to understand how a DBMS works physically to store and manage data.

Uploaded by

Stuti Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Databases

“There's a prayer each night that I always pray:


Let the data guide me through every day”

Warren Zevon
Data is Ubiquitous

• Three classes of technological advances are


changing our relationship with data:
• More storage space
– allows us to keep more data
• Faster processor (and memory) speeds
– allows us to access and process more data
• Different “sensors”
– allows us to access new kinds of data
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk
Microarrays – An Example of a
New Sensing Technology

The color of each


spot represents the
activity level of a
gene under some
experimental
condition

10 000s of spots
on a single chip

A microarray
Other Data Examples

• Airline flight management system


• Financial data
• Commercial store (eg, WalMart) data
• Department of Motor Vehicles
• Surveillance video
• University student records
• Baseball results
• Web sites
• Medical records
• ...
Effectively Data Management is Essential

• Organizations need their data to be an asset


• Given:
the amount of data available to store
&
costs to manage data (hardware, software, labor)
• Ineffective policies can make an organization’s
data a liability
Database Management System (DBMS)

• DBMS is:
– A collection of software programs
– General purpose
• DBMS enables users to:
– Define DB
– Construct DB
– Change (or update) DB
– Ask questions about the data in DB
– Share DB
• DBMS maintains the integrity of DB
Some RDBM Systems

Commercial Systems
Oracle ($$$$)
DB2 (IBM) ($$$)
SQL Server (Microsoft) ($$)

Open Source Systems


PostgreSQL
MySQL

Source: International Data Corporation


Main Goals of this Course

• To understand how to use a DBMS


– How to create DB, data models, SQL,...

• To understand how a DBMS works


– Physical properties of disks and files, software to
manage reading and writing to disk, implementation of
algorithms to answer user queries,...
catalog

Databases are self-describing: catalog describes


the structure of the data stored in the DB
Example: Internet Movie Database (IMDB)
Building a DB:
construct a conceptual model
• A conceptual model identifies entities and relationships
role type
role

title release date acts in name birthdate


N
M
movie person

1 N

director of

entity attribute relationship


Building a DB:
Define DB Schema
• A schema describes DB using data model
supported by DMBS (eg, relational model)
• RDBMS – DBMS that supports relational model

MOVIE
MID Title Rating Director

PERSON
PID Name Bday

ACTS_IN
MID PID Role Rtype
A Schema Diagram for “University” DB
(from the textbook)

tables

columns
Building a DB:
Describe Physical Data Model
• PDM indicates how data is organized on disk
• Includes description of access paths or indexes
– Example: store “Movie” table with records ordered by MID and
construct an index on the “Title” attribute
1 The Big Lebowski R 99
2 Star Wars PG 16

The Big Chill


The Big Lebowski 270 The Big Chill PG 3

Index on Title column File of records of the MOVIE table


Building a DB:
Populate DB
MOVIE
MID Title Rating Director
1 The Big Lebowski R 72
2 Star Wars PG 29
...

ACTS_IN PERSON
MID PID Role Rtype PID Name Bday
1 1 The Dude STAR 1 Jeff Daniels 12/4/49
2 2 Han Solo CO_STAR 2 Harrison Ford 7/13/42

... ...

Set initial records of the DB


Querying The Database

• Most RDBMS allow users to query the database


using SQL (structured query language)
• Example: get cast of “The Big Lebowski”

SELECT Name, Role, Rtype


FROM PERSON, ACTS_IN
WHERE MID = ‘1’ AND PERSON.PID == ACTS_IN.PID
Building the Application Program
Implementing Queries

• “Relational Algebra” is a mathematical way to


describe operations on relational data
• SQL queries correspond to sequence of
relational algebra operations
– The previous query requires a join operation
between person and acts_in
• Query Optimization involves finding a good
order to carry out operations
• Operator implementation
Managing Physical Data Storage

• RDBMS maintains database (and meta-data) on


non-volatile storage (hard disks)
• Physical design impacts RDBMS performance

• Example: The time to answer a query such as


What is the MID of “The Big Lebowski” can be
greatly reduced if an index of Title column is
maintained for the Movie table.
Maintaining Integrity of the Database

• Concurrent users
– Multiple users may attempt to update simultaneously
• Security
– Preventing unauthorized access
• System failures
– If lightening strikes during an update the DB must
able to be recovered
Summary of Topics

• Conceptual modeling
• Logical Modeling how to use DBMS
• Querying the DB
• Building applications
• Implementing Queries
• Managing hardware how a DBMS works

• Maintaining Integrity
Control Abstraction
User

Application Program
Each layer
Query Optimization need not know
(or care) how
Relational Operators other layers are
implemented
DBMS Files and Access Methods

Buffer Management

Disk Space Management

DB
Data Abstraction

Each layer need not know how other layers organize data
Why Use DBMS?

• Program Data Independence


• Controlling redundancy
• Providing backup and recovery
• Efficient query processing
• Others: see Section 1.6
Why not to use a DBMS?

• Consider custom software if DBMS overhead


(cost, complexity, performance) is unnecessary
– Example: single user of fixed dataset
Schemas and Instances

• A schema describes a database


– RDBMS typically store schemas in the catalog
• The actual data in the DB at a particular time is
the database state
– The current set of all instances in the DB
People who work with DBMSs

• Database Administrator DBA


– Maintains databases, DBMS and related software
– [avg salary* $76k]
• Application Programmers
– Software engineers (developers) that build software
solutions for end users that access DBMS
• End Users
– Example: bank teller uses “canned transactions”
• DBMS designers and implementers
– Example: Oracle developers

*source: payscale.com, 2007

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