LOOKING BACK AT
HUMAN BIOCULTURAL
AND SOCIAL
EVOLUTION
Journal 2.1 PHOTO ANALYSIS
COPY AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
QUESTION
1. What do you see in the picture?
Describe the appearance and the
expressions.
2. What is happening in the photo?
3. List 3 things you might infer from this
picture.
4. What questions does this photograph
raise in your mind?
5. Where could you find the answer to
them?
GROUP ACTIVITY 2.1
WORLD CAFE
Biological and Cultural Evolution
Key concepts in the study of the origins
of modern human
Biological Evolution
Refers to the changes, modifications, and
variations in the genetics and inherited traits
of biological populations from one
generation to another
Based on the theory of Evolution that was
introduced by Charles Darwin (1809-1882).
Natural selection
Reason for the evolution (Darwin)
3 important principles:
1. Variation
2. Heritability
3. Differential reproductive success
Hominid
General term used by scientists to
categorize the group of early humans
and other humanlike creatures that
can walk erect during the prehistoric
times
Sahelanthropus
Ardipithecus
Hominids
Australopithecus
Homo
Australopithecus
Hominids
Homo
Sahelanthropus
Apelike and
Ardipithecus humanlike
characteristics
Australopithecus
Biological and
cultural
Homo characteristics of a
modern man
Dryopethicus
He was the earliest known
ancestor of man
At the same time as his
existence, Ramapethicus
existed who was more
human-like than
Dryopethicus
Dryopethicus Ramapethicus
Dryopithecus
inhabited the European region and some parts of Asia
and Africa
Stages of evolution of humans began from him
After Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus came to the
genus Australopithecus which preceded the genus Homo
Australopithecus
Ardipithecus ramidus
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus robustus
Ardipithecus ramidus
the foot bones in this skeleton
indicate a divergent large toe
combined with a rigid foot
The pelvis is said to show adaptations
that combine tree-climbing and
bipedal activity.
Ardipithecus ramidus
The discoverers argue that the ‘Ardi’
skeleton reflects a human-African ape
common ancestor that was not
chimpanzee-like
Ardipithecus ramidus
Was 1.2 meters tall and the fossils show
the foramen magnum that was large to
indicate upright walking
The forelimbs were different from those of
the earlier ape-like ancestors
They had teeth like humans.
Australopithecus afarensis
‘Lucy’ the famous fossil belonged to
this species
inhabited the African mainland
shorter than the Australopithecus
ramidus
small skull with flat noses and no chin
Australopithecus afarensis
able to walk on two legs but the legs were slightly
bowed which made their walk slightly ape-like. The
bowed legs, fingers, and toes enabled them to
climb trees and live there
large teeth and jaws.
Australopithecus africanus
inhabited the African mainland
bipedal and had a small skull with
small brains than Homo erectus but
larger than their predecessors
had large teeth compared to current
day humans and were herbivorous
had large jaws.
Australopithecus robustus
taller than his predecessors
but still ape-like
weighed more than their
ancestors
HOMO
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens
Homo Habilis
He had a face similar to his
ancestors
skull and brain size indicate
that he may have been able
to speak
Homo Habilis
earliest tools made were from this era
known as the ‘handy man’ because he was the
first to make and use tools
around 5 feet tall and erect.
Homo Erectus
upright
smaller but longer face, less
prominent or absent chin, larger
brain size and prominent
speech
knew how to make and use
tools, he made a fire and knew
how to control it
Homo Erectus
carnivorous
knew the existence of groups and they began
spreading from Africa to Asia and Europe
Java Man and Peking Man had brain capacities
similar to modern man at 1300cc. They were cave
dwellers.
Peking Man
characterized by a cranial capacity averaging
about 1,000 cubic cm, the size of modern man’s.
had a skull that was flat in profile, with a small
forehead, a keel along the top of the head for
attachment of powerful jaw muscles, very thick
skull bones, heavy brow ridges, an occipital torus,
a large palate, and a large, chinless jaw.
Java Man
characterized by a cranial capacity averaging
900 cubic cm
a skull flat in profile with little forehead, a crest
along the top of the head for attachment of
powerful jaw muscles, very thick skull bones, heavy
brow ridges, and a massive jaw with no chin. The
teeth are essentially human though with some
apelike features, such as large, partly overlapping
canines. Thighbones show that Java man walked
fully erect, like modern man, and attained a
height of about 170 cm (5 feet 8 inches).
Homo Sapiens
2 TYPES:
1.Homo sapiens neanderthelensis
2.Homo sapiens sapiens
had a brain size larger than
modern man and were gigantic in
size
had a large head and jaw and
were very powerful and muscular
carnivores and the tools from the era indicate they were
hunters
cave dwellers but their caves were more comfortable
and they lived in groups and hunted for food gathering.
Homo sapiens sapiens
known as ‘modern-day man’
became smaller in size and the
brain size reduced to 1300cc
reduction in the size of the jaw,
rounding of the skull and chin
Cro- Magnon was the earliest of the Homo sapiens. They
spread wider from to Europe, Australia, and the Americas.
They were omnivores, had skilful hands, and developed
the power of thinking, producing art, more sophisticated
tools and sentiments upon.
What is your
realization now as a
member of society?
Quiz # 2.1
1. known as ‘modern-day man’
2. He was the earliest known
ancestor of man
3. ‘Lucy’ the famous fossil
belonged to this species
4. The pelvis is said to show
adaptations that combine tree-
climbing and bipedal activity.
5. bipedal and had a small skull
with small brains than Homo
erectus but larger than their
predecessors
6. had a brain size larger than
modern man and were
gigantic in size
7. smaller but longer face, less
prominent or absent chin,
larger brain size and prominent
speech
8. cave dwellers but their caves
were more comfortable and
they lived in groups and hunted
for food gathering.
9. known as the ‘handy man’
because he was the first to
make and use tools
10. skull and brain size indicate
that he may have been able to
speak
11. Who discovered
Lucy?
12. Where did ‘Lucy’ get
her name from?
12. Where did ‘Lucy’ get
her name from?
13-15. give 3 important
facts about Lucy
16. This existed at the
same time as
Dryopethicus
17. earliest of the Homo
sapiens.
18-19. 2 examples of homo
erectus which had brain
capacities similar to modern
man at 1300cc. They were
cave dwellers.
20. According to Darwin,
this is the reason of
evolution.
21. Refers to the changes,
modifications, and variations in
the genetics and inherited traits
of biological populations from
one generation to another
22. He introduced the
theory of evolution.
23-25. what are the 3
important principles of
natural selection?
27. 29.
26.
28.
30.
