Chapter 1 Introduction

Contents
 1.1 Background study
 1.2Problem Statement
 2.3Objectives
 2.4 Scope and Limitation
 2.5Organizational Thesis
 Chapter 1 Introduction

 1.1 Background Study

• Antenna design is an active field in
communication for future development. Many
types of antenna have been designed to suit with
most devices. In high-performance like aircraft,
spacecraft, satellite and missile application,
where sizes, weight, cost, performance, ease of
installation, and aerodynamic profile are
constraints, low profile antenna may be required.
 Chapter 1 Introduction

 1.1 Background Study

• One of the types of antenna is the Microstrip patch
antenna (MPA).Microstrip antenna (also known as a
patch antenna) is one of the latest technologies in
antennas and electromagnetic applications. It is
widely used nowadays in the wireless
communication system due to its simplicity and
compatibility with printed circuit technology.
Microstrip geometries which radiate electromagnetic
waves were originally contemplated in the 1950s
 Chapter 1 Introdution
 1.2 Problem Statement
• There are many shapes of Microstrip patch antenna such as
rectangular, circular, triangular and other types. The most popular
configuration is rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. In order to
produce antenna for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
applications based on the factor a rectangular Microstrip patch
antenna will be designed.
• The main limitation of microstrip patch antenna that will be used in
wireless communication is suffered from lower bandwidth.
Bandwidth of microstrip antenna can be improved by increasing the
height substrate by using transmission line model. The height of
substrate also increases surface waves, which move through the
substrate and spread at bends of the radiating patch which adopts
apart of energy of the signal thus decreasing the antenna
performance.
 Chapter 1 Introduction
 1.2 Problem Statement
• To overcome this problem, the technique of air-gap is used
in which surface waves are not produced easily. Further
length of patch plays important role in bandwidth of
antenna. Antennas having minimum possible size are
considered efficient. The resonant frequency is tuned by
compromise between two factors the height of the
substrate and the length of the patch without need for new
design.
• This project will use the Flame Retardant 4 (FR4) as a
dielectric substrate of the antenna. So In this book we
completely focus on the design and analysis of rectangular
microstrip patch antenna.
 Chapter 1 Introduction

 1.3 Objectives
• To improve bandwidth of a Microstrip antenna for
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) application by
increasing substrate height.
• To reduce the surface waves in order to increase the
antenna performance.
• To simulate the antenna design by using Computer
Simulation Technology (CST).
• To review the performance of the antennas in term of
return loss and operating Frequency bandwidth and
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR).
 Chapter 1 Introduction
 1.3 Scope and Limitation
The main scope of this project consists of two
strategies that can be used for this purpose such as:
• Design and Simulate Microstrip antenna by using
Computer Simulation Technology Software (CST).
• Investigate and observe the performance of these
antennas and bandwidth improvement through
several parameters
 Chapter 1 Introduction
 1.5 Organizational Thesis
This thesis is organized in five chapters; the full thesis will be submitted in
later but now we have listed three chapters as follows:
• Chapter 1 consists of an introduction, problem statements, the objectives
of the thesis, scope and limitation and finally organizational thesis.
• Chapter 2 represents a literature review we discussed the concept of
antennas types of antennas and also the fundamental parameters of the
antennas.
• Chapter 3 presents the design of the microstrip patch antenna and its
simulation.
• Chapter 4 analyses the result of the designed rectangular Microstrip patch
antenna.
• Chapter 5 conclusion and references and also suggestions of future work
that can be done in this field.
 Chapter 3 METHEDOLOGY AND
PROJECT TOOLS
Contents
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mathematical Calculation of the Antenna
Parameters
3.3 Design of the Microstrip Antenna Using
CST
 Chapter 3 METHEDOLOGY AND
PROJECT TOOLS
 3.1 Introduction
The microstrip patch antenna procedure and design is
discussed in this chapter, the purpose of rectangular
microstrip patch antenna designed is for WLAN
applications. We used CST microwave software for
validated and designed and simulated.
• The following methodology will be used in this project:
• Mathematical Calculation of the Antenna Paremeters
• Design the Microstrip Antenna using CST
• Input the parameters of the Antenna
• Simulate the Microstrip Batch Antenna
• Analyzing the results
 Chapter 3 METHEDOLOGY AND
PROJECT TOOLS
 3.2 Mathematical Calculation of the Antenna Parameters
• The microstrip patch antenna has three important parameters for
the design of a rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna:
• Frequency of operation (): The resonant frequency of the antenna is
selected as per as application. The resonant frequency is 2.4 GHz.
• Dielectric constant of the substrate (): The dielectric materials
selected for design is FR-4 which has a dielectric constant of 4.3 and
A small value of loss tangent is always preferable in order to reduce
dielectric loss and surface wave losses and its increase the
efficiency of the antenna tan δ = 0.019
• Height of substrate (h): The dielectric substrates are 1.6 mm for FR-
4.
 Chapter 3 METHEDOLOGY AND
PROJECT TOOLS
3.3 Design of the Microstrip Antenna Using
CST
 3.3.1 The design formula as well as the

resonant frequency for which the antenna is

designed is given in the fig.
• Now launch CST studio and select MW & RF &
Optical and select Antennas and press next
 Chapter 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
Contents
4.1 SIMULATION RESULTS
4.1.1 S -PARAMETERS
4.1.2 VSWR
4.1.3 Bandwidth
4.1.4 Efficiency
4.1.5 Directivity
 Chapter 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
 4.1.1 S -PARAMETERS
• The proposed antenna was designed on FR4 substrate and
simulated using the CST studio Suite. The dimensions of
antenna were estimated by using the equation (1)-(6). The
S-parameter plot is shown in figure 4.1.1 shows the
variation of return loss (in dB) over a range of frequencies
since at resonance the antenna is having the best
impedance matching so the return loss would be minimum.
Hence a return loss of -23dB is obtained at 2.364 GHz when
return loss is the minimum position also increases when
the return loss of -10.04 dB at 2.4 GHz as seen in the figure
4.1.1 The return loss characteristics as shown in Figure
4.1.1 is the one obtained by simulating the microstrip patch
antenna through CST Microwave studio software
 Chapter 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1.1 S -PARAMETERS
 Chapter 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1.2 VSWR
• The VSWR of designed antenna is shown in
figure 4.1.2 for matching of microstrip line to
the designed antenna the VSWR ≤ 2. For this
design, the desired VSWR = 1.91 indicating
that the antenna is well matched over the
resonant frequency at 2.4 GHz which is well in
the acceptable range at the designed
frequency.
 Chapter 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1.2 VSWR
 Chapter 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
 4.1.3 Bandwidth
• Bandwidth (BW) of an antenna is defined that the range of
frequenices over which antenna can radiate or receive the
information in form of electromagnetics waves.
• Bandwidth is obtained by measure the difference between
lower cut-off frequency and higher cut-off frequency. As an
example in figure 4.1.3 curve marker1 represents the lower
cut-off frequency (fl) and curve marker2 represents the
higher cut-off frequency (fh) so, by subtracting fh from fl,
and Fo is a resonent frequency so when we simulate the
bandwidth at resonant frequency (Fo =2.364 GHz) in 1.6mm
hieght of substrate we got 0.0735GHz as shown in Fugure
4.1.3(a).
 Chapter 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
 4.1.3 Bandwidth

• In other side when we simulate bandwidth at

resonant frequency (Fo =2.364 GHz) in 1.8mm
hieght of substrate we got 0.0758 GHz as shown
in Fugure 4.1.3(b).
 Chapter 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1.3 Bandwidth
 Chapter 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1.3 Bandwidth
• Thus, we increase the hiegt of substrate also
increase the bandwidth, so the more you
increase the hieght of substrate the more the
bandwidth will increase.
Resonent Freq Hieght Bandwidth
GHz Of (GHz)
CST Substrate CST

Fo
2.3568 1.6 0.0735
2.3568 1.8 0.0758
 4.1.4 Efficiency
• We know when we increase the height of substrate
also increases surface waves, which move through the
substrate and spread at bends of the radiating patch
which adopts apart of energy of the signal that cause
decreasing the antenna performance so t to improve
the antenna performance is the technique of
increasing the air gap.
• The normal value of the air gap that we use is 1mm;
the efficiency value that we found is -4.0074 dB as
shown as the Figure 4.1.4.
 Chapter 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
 4.1.4 Efficiency

• So if we increase the air gap value and take 1.2 mm; we

found a good result -4.0059843 dB as shown as the
Figure 4.1.5, so the increasing of air gap will improve
the antenna performance.
 Chapter 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1.5 Directivity
• Figure 4.1.5 shows the graph between
directivity (D) versus resonant frequency (f) of
microstrip patch antenna.
• Apparently we got a good directivity result it
has been clearly shows that Directivity is
7.0891645 dB at resonant frequency 2.4 GHz
as shown as Figure 4.1.5.
4.1.5 Directivity
 Chapter 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
 4.1.6 Gain
• Gain of antenna is actual realized quantity
which is less than directivity due to Ohm
losses in antenna.
 Chapter 5 CONCLUSION and Future
work and Recommendations
 CONCLUSION
• From the investigations its shown that rectangular microstrip patch
antenna The goals of this project were to improve the bandwidth of
a Microstrip antenna for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
application and to reduce the surface waves in order to increase the
antenna performance by increasing substrate height that operates
at 2.4GHz frequency using Flame Retardant 4 (FR4) substrate this
design help to achieve the improvement of the bandwidth for
microstrip patch antennas. The operating frequency we used is
2.4GHz for WLAN devices and We got a good result. The bandwidth
increased when the substrate height is increased as shown in the
results; also the efficient of the antenna was improved when we
increase the air gap. Therefore, the objectives of the project have
achieved
 Chapter 5 CONCLUSION and Future
work and Recommendations
Future work and Recommendations
• We recommend for future work will include
the fabrication of the Antenna by
photoengraving and etching to improve the
bandwidth of the antenna. The fabrication of
the antenna in real life will confirm simulation
results which used CST. Also, Feeding
techniques can implemented to improve the
efficiency of the Antenna