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55 views33 pages

Managing Hierarchical Data in Mysql: Mike Hillyer - Mysql Ab

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sleyter94
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© © All Rights Reserved
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200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.

com 1

Managing Hierarchical Data


in MySQL

Mike Hillyer - MySQL AB


200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 2

About Me
Mike Hillyer, BSc

• Member of the MySQL AB Documentation Team


• MySQL Core and Pro Certified
• MySQL Expert at www.experts-exchange.com
• Resident MySQL Expert at SearchDatabase.com
• http://www.openwin.org/mike/aboutme.php
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 3

About You
How many of you…

• Currently use MySQL?


• Another RDBMS?
• Manage hierarchical data?
• Will be managing hierarchical data?
• Know what hierarchical data is?
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 4

About This Session

• http://www.openwin.org/mike/index.php/presentations/
• http://dev.mysql.com/tech-resources/articles/hierarchical-data.html

• What is hierarchical data?


• The Adjacency List Model
• The Nested Set Model
• Querying the Nested Set Model
– Adding New Nodes
– Deleting Nodes
– Additional Resources
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 5

What is Hierarchical Data?

• Data that maintains a parent-child relationship


• Nodes have zero or one parent, zero to many children
• Only the root node has no parent
• Various types of data
– Mailing list/forum threads
– Organizational charts
– Content management categories
– Product categories
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 6

Product Categories
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 7

The Adjacency List Model


+-------------+----------------------+--------+
| category_id | name | parent |
+-------------+----------------------+--------+
| 1 | ELECTRONICS | NULL |
| 2 | TELEVISIONS | 1 |
| 3 | TUBE | 2 |
| 4 | LCD | 2 |
| 5 | PLASMA | 2 |
| 6 | PORTABLE ELECTRONICS | 1 |
| 7 | MP3 PLAYERS | 6 |
| 8 | FLASH | 7 |
| 9 | CD PLAYERS | 6 |
| 10 | 2 WAY RADIOS | 6 |
+-------------+----------------------+--------+
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 8

Full Tree
SELECT t1.name AS lev1, t2.name as lev2, t3.name as lev3, t4.name as lev4
FROM category AS t1
LEFT JOIN category AS t2 ON t2.parent = t1.category_id
LEFT JOIN category AS t3 ON t3.parent = t2.category_id
LEFT JOIN category AS t4 ON t4.parent = t3.category_id
WHERE t1.name = 'ELECTRONICS';
+-------------+----------------------+--------------+-------+
| lev1 | lev2 | lev3 | lev4 |
+-------------+----------------------+--------------+-------+
| ELECTRONICS | TELEVISIONS | TUBE | NULL |
| ELECTRONICS | TELEVISIONS | LCD | NULL |
| ELECTRONICS | TELEVISIONS | PLASMA | NULL |
| ELECTRONICS | PORTABLE ELECTRONICS | MP3 PLAYERS | FLASH |
| ELECTRONICS | PORTABLE ELECTRONICS | CD PLAYERS | NULL |
| ELECTRONICS | PORTABLE ELECTRONICS | 2 WAY RADIOS | NULL |
+-------------+----------------------+--------------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 9

Leaf Nodes
SELECT t1.name
FROM category AS t1 LEFT JOIN category as t2
ON t1.category_id = t2.parent
WHERE t2.category_id IS NULL;

+--------------+
| name |
+--------------+
| TUBE |
| LCD |
| PLASMA |
| FLASH |
| CD PLAYERS |
| 2 WAY RADIOS |
+--------------+
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 10

Single Path
SELECT t1.name AS lev1, t2.name as lev2,
t3.name as lev3, t4.name as lev4
FROM category AS t1
LEFT JOIN category AS t2 ON t2.parent = t1.category_id
LEFT JOIN category AS t3 ON t3.parent = t2.category_id
LEFT JOIN category AS t4 ON t4.parent = t3.category_id
WHERE t1.name = 'ELECTRONICS' AND t4.name = 'FLASH';

+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
| lev1 | lev2 | lev3 | lev4 |
+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
| ELECTRONICS | PORTABLE ELECTRONICS | MP3 PLAYERS | FLASH |
+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 11

Limitations of Adjacency Lists

• Adjacency list model not normalized.


• Deleting nodes can orphan children.
• Querying paths and trees requires multiple self-joins.
• Procedural code required for most use-cases.
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 12

Nested Sets
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 13

Nested Set Table

+-------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| category_id | name | lft | rgt |
+-------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| 1 | ELECTRONICS | 1 | 20 |
| 2 | TELEVISIONS | 2 | 9 |
| 3 | TUBE | 3 | 4 |
| 4 | LCD | 5 | 6 |
| 5 | PLASMA | 7 | 8 |
| 6 | PORTABLE ELECTRONICS | 10 | 19 |
| 7 | MP3 PLAYERS | 11 | 14 |
| 8 | FLASH | 12 | 13 |
| 9 | CD PLAYERS | 15 | 16 |
| 10 | 2 WAY RADIOS | 17 | 18 |
+-------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 14

Numbered Sets
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 15

Numbered Tree
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 16

Full Tree
SELECT node.name FROM nested_category AS node, nested_category AS
parent
WHERE node.lft BETWEEN parent.lft AND parent.rgt
AND parent.name = 'ELECTRONICS'
ORDER BY node.lft;

+----------------------+
| name |
+----------------------+
| ELECTRONICS |
| TELEVISIONS |
| TUBE |
| LCD |
| PLASMA |
| PORTABLE ELECTRONICS |
| MP3 PLAYERS |
| FLASH |
| CD PLAYERS |
| 2 WAY RADIOS |
+----------------------+
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 17

Leaf Nodes
SELECT name
FROM nested_category
WHERE rgt = lft + 1;

+--------------+
| name |
+--------------+
| TUBE |
| LCD |
| PLASMA |
| FLASH |
| CD PLAYERS |
| 2 WAY RADIOS |
+--------------+
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 18

Node Depth
SELECT node.name, (COUNT(parent.name) - 1) AS depth
FROM nested_category AS node, nested_category AS parent
WHERE node.lft BETWEEN parent.lft AND parent.rgt
GROUP BY node.name
ORDER BY node.lft;

+----------------------+-------+
| name | depth |
+----------------------+-------+
| ELECTRONICS | 0 |
| TELEVISIONS | 1 |
| TUBE | 2 |
| LCD | 2 |
| PLASMA | 2 |
| PORTABLE ELECTRONICS | 1 |
| MP3 PLAYERS | 2 |
| FLASH | 3 |
| CD PLAYERS | 2 |
| 2 WAY RADIOS | 2 |
+----------------------+-------+
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 19

Indented Nodes
SELECT CONCAT( REPEAT(' ', COUNT(parent.name) - 1), node.name) AS name
FROM nested_category AS node, nested_category AS parent
WHERE node.lft BETWEEN parent.lft AND parent.rgt
GROUP BY node.name
ORDER BY node.lft;

+-----------------------+
| name |
+-----------------------+
| ELECTRONICS |
| TELEVISIONS |
| TUBE |
| LCD |
| PLASMA |
| PORTABLE ELECTRONICS |
| MP3 PLAYERS |
| FLASH |
| CD PLAYERS |
| 2 WAY RADIOS |
+-----------------------+
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 20

Depth of a Sub-Tree
SELECT node.name, (COUNT(parent.name) - (sub_tree.depth + 1)) AS
depth FROM nested_category AS node,
nested_category AS parent,
nested_category AS sub_parent,
(
SELECT node.name, (COUNT(parent.name) - 1) AS depth
FROM nested_category AS node,
nested_category AS parent
WHERE node.lft BETWEEN parent.lft AND parent.rgt
AND node.name = 'PORTABLE ELECTRONICS'
GROUP BY node.name ORDER BY node.lft
)AS sub_tree
WHERE node.lft BETWEEN parent.lft AND parent.rgt
AND node.lft BETWEEN sub_parent.lft AND sub_parent.rgt
AND sub_parent.name = sub_tree.name
GROUP BY node.name ORDER BY node.lft;
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 21

Depth of a Sub-Tree - II

+----------------------+-------+
| name | depth |
+----------------------+-------+
| PORTABLE ELECTRONICS | 0 |
| MP3 PLAYERS | 1 |
| FLASH | 2 |
| CD PLAYERS | 1 |
| 2 WAY RADIOS | 1 |
+----------------------+-------+
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 22

Immediate Subordinates
GROUP BY node.name
HAVING depth <= 1
ORDER BY node.lft;
+----------------------+-------+
| name | depth |
+----------------------+-------+
| PORTABLE ELECTRONICS | 0 |
| MP3 PLAYERS | 1 |
| CD PLAYERS | 1 |
| 2 WAY RADIOS | 1 |
+----------------------+-------+
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 23

Aggregate Functions
SELECT * FROM product;
+------------+-------------------+-------------+
| product_id | name | category_id |
+------------+-------------------+-------------+
| 1 | 20" TV | 3 |
| 2 | 36" TV | 3 |
| 3 | Super-LCD 42" | 4 |
| 4 | Ultra-Plasma 62" | 5 |
| 5 | Value Plasma 38" | 5 |
| 6 | Power-MP3 128mb | 7 |
| 7 | Super-Shuffle 1gb | 8 |
| 8 | Porta CD | 9 |
| 9 | CD To go! | 9 |
| 10 | Family Talk 360 | 10 |
+------------+-------------------+-------------+
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 24

Aggregate Functions - II
SELECT parent.name, COUNT(product.name)
FROM nested_category AS node,
nested_category AS parent, product
WHERE node.lft BETWEEN parent.lft AND parent.rgt
AND node.category_id = product.category_id
GROUP BY parent.name ORDER BY node.lft;

+----------------------+---------------------+
| name | COUNT(product.name) |
+----------------------+---------------------+
| ELECTRONICS | 10 |
| TELEVISIONS | 5 |
| TUBE | 2 |
| LCD | 1 |
| PLASMA | 2 |
| PORTABLE ELECTRONICS | 5 |
| MP3 PLAYERS | 2 |
| FLASH | 1 |
| CD PLAYERS | 2 |
| 2 WAY RADIOS | 1 |
+----------------------+---------------------+
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 25

Adding Nodes
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 26

Adding a Sibling
LOCK TABLE nested_category WRITE; +-----------------------+
| name |
+-----------------------+
SELECT @myRight := rgt | ELECTRONICS |
FROM nested_category | TELEVISIONS |
WHERE name = 'TELEVISIONS'; | TUBE |
| LCD |
UPDATE nested_category | PLASMA |
SET rgt = rgt + 2 | GAME CONSOLES |
WHERE rgt > @myRight; | PORTABLE ELECTRONICS |
| MP3 PLAYERS |
| FLASH |
UPDATE nested_category | CD PLAYERS |
SET lft = lft + 2 | 2 WAY RADIOS |
WHERE lft > @myRight; +-----------------------+

INSERT INTO nested_category(name, lft, rgt)


VALUES('GAME CONSOLES', @myRight + 1, @myRight + 2);

UNLOCK TABLES;
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 27

Adding a Child
LOCK TABLE nested_category WRITE; +-----------------------+
| name |
SELECT @myLeft := lft +-----------------------+
| ELECTRONICS |
FROM nested_category | TELEVISIONS |
WHERE name = '2 WAY RADIOS'; | TUBE |
| LCD |
| PLASMA |
UPDATE nested_category | GAME CONSOLES |
SET rgt = rgt + 2 | PORTABLE ELECTRONICS |
WHERE rgt > @myLeft; | MP3 PLAYERS |
| FLASH |
| CD PLAYERS |
UPDATE nested_category | 2 WAY RADIOS |
SET lft = lft + 2 | FRS |
WHERE lft > @myLeft; +-----------------------+

INSERT INTO nested_category(name, lft, rgt)


VALUES('FRS', @myLeft + 1, @myLeft + 2);

UNLOCK TABLES;
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 28

Deleting a Leaf Node


LOCK TABLE nested_category WRITE;

SELECT @myLeft := lft, @myRight := rgt, @myWidth := rgt -


lft + 1
FROM nested_category +-----------------------+
| name |
WHERE name = 'GAME CONSOLES'; +-----------------------+
| ELECTRONICS |
DELETE FROM nested_category | TELEVISIONS |
WHERE lft BETWEEN @myLeft AND @myRight; | TUBE |
| LCD |
| PLASMA |
UPDATE nested_category | PORTABLE ELECTRONICS |
SET rgt = rgt - @myWidth | MP3 PLAYERS |
| FLASH |
WHERE rgt > @myRight; | CD PLAYERS |
| 2 WAY RADIOS |
UPDATE nested_category | FRS |
SET lft = lft - @myWidth +-----------------------+
WHERE lft > @myRight;

UNLOCK TABLES;
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 29

Deleting a Parent and all Children


LOCK TABLE nested_category WRITE;

SELECT @myLeft := lft, @myRight := rgt, @myWidth := rgt - lft + 1


FROM nested_category
WHERE name = 'MP3 PLAYERS';
+-----------------------+
DELETE FROM nested_category | name |
WHERE lft BETWEEN @myLeft AND @myRight; +-----------------------+
| ELECTRONICS |
UPDATE nested_category | TELEVISIONS |
SET rgt = rgt - @myWidth | TUBE |
WHERE rgt > @myRight; | LCD |
| PLASMA |
UPDATE nested_category
SET lft = lft - @myWidth | PORTABLE ELECTRONICS |
WHERE lft > @myRight; | CD PLAYERS |
| 2 WAY RADIOS |
UNLOCK TABLES; | FRS |
+-----------------------+
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 30

Deleting a Parent and


Promoting all Children
LOCK TABLE nested_category WRITE;

SELECT @myLeft := lft, @myRight := rgt, @myWidth := rgt - lft + 1


FROM nested_category
WHERE name = 'PORTABLE ELECTRONICS';

DELETE FROM nested_category WHERE lft = @myLeft;


+---------------+
| name |
UPDATE nested_category +---------------+
SET rgt = rgt - 1, lft = lft - 1
WHERE lft BETWEEN @myLeft AND @myRight; | ELECTRONICS |
| TELEVISIONS |
UPDATE nested_category
SET rgt = rgt - 2 | TUBE |
WHERE rgt > @myRight; | LCD |
UPDATE nested_category
| PLASMA |
SET lft = lft - 2 | CD PLAYERS |
WHERE lft > @myRight; | 2 WAY RADIOS |
UNLOCK TABLES;
| FRS |
+---------------+
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 31

Advanced Use Cases

• Move an entire sub-tree


• Handle high insert/delete volumes
– Calculate gaps
– Use floats
– See the resources next slide
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 32

Credit & Resources

Joe Celko's Trees and


Hierarchies in SQL for
Smarties
http://www.openwin.org/mike/index.php/books/
http://dev.mysql.com/tech-resources/articles/hierarchical-data.html
http://www.sitepoint.com/article/hierarchical-data-database
http://www.dbmsmag.com/9603d06.html
http://www.dbmsmag.com/9604d06.html
http://www.dbmsmag.com/9605d06.html
http://www.intelligententerprise.com/001020/celko.jhtml
http://searchdatabase.techtarget.com/tip/1,289483,sid13_gci537290,00.html
http://searchdatabase.techtarget.com/tip/1,289483,sid13_gci801943,00.html
http://www.klempert.de/php/nested_sets_demo
http://dev.e-taller.net/dbtree/
http://www.dbazine.com/oracle/or-articles/tropashko4
200603-08 | Managing Hierarchical Data | © MySQL AB 2005 | www.mysql.com 33

Conclusion

• http://www.openwin.org/mike/presentations/
• Questions?

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