CSS level 3

History of CSS
 CSS level 1 – original CSS
 CSS level 2
 CSS level 2 Revision 1 (CSS2.1) – up to CSS2.1 monolithic
structure
 CSS level 3 – specification structured in modules
 Modules can evolve independently
 Few modules have reached the W3C recommendation status,
but many are implemented in browsers

Full CSS described at

http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/specs.en.html
Summary at: http://www.css3.info
CSS modules (selection)
 CSS Color
 CSS Namespaces
 CSS Selectors
 CSS Media Queries
 CSS Backgrounds & Borders
 CSS 2D Transformations
 CSS Transitions
 CSS Animations
 CSS 3D Transformations
 CSS Flexible Box Layout
 CSS Fonts
 CSS Text
 CSS Grid Layout
 CSS Image Values and Replaced Content
 CSS Selectors (1)
 E[attr^=“str”] - an E element whose “attr” attribute begins with “str”
 E[attr$=“str”] - an E element whose “attr” attribute ends with “str”
 E[attr*=“str”] - an E element whose “attr” attribute contains substring
“str”
 E:nth-child(n) - an E element, the n-th child of its parent
 E:nth-last-child(n) - an E element, the n-th child of its parent,
counting from the last one
 E:nth-of-type(n) - an E element, the n-th sibling of its type
 E:nth-last-of-type(n) - an E element, the n-th sibling of its type,
counting from the last one
 E:first-child - an E element, first child of its parent (in CSS2.1)
 E:last-child - an E element, last child of its parent
 CSS Selectors (2)
 E:first-of-type - an E element, first sibling of its type
 E:last-of-type - an E element, last sibling of its type
 E:only-child - an E element, only child of its parent
 E:only-of-type - an E element, only sibling of its type
 E:empty - an E element that has no children
 E:not(s) - an E element that does not match simple selector s
 E > F - an F element child of an E element (in CSS2.1)
 E + F - an F element immediately preceded by an E element (in CSS2.1)
 E ~ F - an F element preceded by an E element
Gradient images - linear
 Linear gradient
background: linear-gradient([direction], color-stop1, color-stop2,…)
 direction=<angle> | [to] <side-or-corner>
 there can be several direction arguments;
 angle=0deg, 90deg, 100deg, ..
 side-or-corner=bottom, top, right, left
 color-stops can be followed by a percent or length in pixels specifying
the position of the color in the gradient, along the gradient line
 color-stop=blue, red, .., rgb(rrr, ggg, bbb), rgba(rrr, ggg, bbb, aaa)
where aaa=1 (no transparency) and aaa=0 (full transparency)
 Linear repeating gradient
background: linear-repeating-gradient ([direction], color-stop1, color-
stop2,…)
 the parameters are the same as for the simple linear gradient

 Chrome uses prefix –webkit- and Firefox uses prefix –moz-

Gradient images - radial
 Radial gradient (center/elliptical gradient defined by its
center)
background: radial-gradient(<center position> <shape> <size>, color-
stop1, color-stop2, …)
 <center position>=center(default) or position given with 2 points
 shape=circle or ellipse
 size=the radius(es) of gradient as <length> | <percentage> or
closest-side, farthest-side, closest-corner, farthest-corner

 Radial repeating gradient

background: radial-repeating-gradient(<center position> <shape>
<size>, color-stop1, color-stop2, …)

 Chrome uses prefix –webkit- and Firefox uses prefix –moz-

2D Transforms (1)
 we can translate, scale, turn, spin and stretch elements
 Chrome uses –webkit- prefix
 CSS properties:
 transform : transform-function1 transform-function2 ..
-> applies a 2D or 3D transformation to an element
 transform-origin : <percentage> | <length> | left | center |
right | top | bottom -> allows the user to change the position on
transformed elements (moves the point of origin of transformation)
 2D transform functions - translate:
 translate(x,y) – moves the element along the X and Y axes
 translateX(x) – moves the element along the X axis
 translateY(y) – moves the element along the X axis
2D Transforms (2)
 2D transform functions – scale, skew, rotate, general :
 scale(x,y) – changes the width to x times the original and the height
to y times the original
 scaleX(x) – changes the width to x times the original
 scaleY(y) – changes the height to x times the original

 rotate(angle) – rotate element by angle;

ex.: rotate(45deg);

 skew(x-angle,y-angle) – skew transform along the X and Y axes

 skewX(x-angle) – skew transform along the X axis
 skewY(y-angle) – skew transform along the Y axis

 matrix(n,n,n,n,n,n) – general transformation

3D Transforms (1)
 apply 3D transforms to elements
 Chrome uses –webkit- prefix
 CSS properties:
 transform : transform-function1 transform-function2 ..
 transform-origin : <percentage> | <length> | left | center |
right | top | bottom
 transform-style : flat | preserve-3d -> a nested child element will
not preserve its 3d position (‘flat’) or it will preserve it position
(‘preserve-3d’)
 perspective : none | number -> how many pixels the element is
placed from the viewport
 perspective : x y -> define the view’s x- and y-axis for nested
elements; x,y= left | center | right | length | percent
3D Transforms (2)
 3D transform functions:
 translate3d(x,y,z)
 translateX(x)
 translateY(y)
 translateZ(z)
 scale3d(x,y,z)
 scaleX(x)
 scaleY(y)
 scaleZ(z)
 rotate3d(x,y,z,angle)
 rotateX(angle)
 rotateY(angle)
 rotateZ(angle)
 perspective(n)
 matrix3d(n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n) – 3D transform 4x4 matrix
Transitions - properties
 add effects when changing from a style to another (e.g.
when :hover is used), like flash or javascript
 Style properties used:
 transition-property : comma separated list of property names to
which transition is applied
 transition-duration : how long it take the transition to be
completed (ex.: transition-duration : 2s)
 transition-delay : when transition will start (ex.: transition-delay:
1s)
 transition-timing-function : defines the speed of the transition;
values: linear|ease|ease-in|ease-out|ease-in-out|cubic-
bezier(n,n,n,n)
 transition : shorthand property for the above properties
Transitions - examples
 simple example:
div {
transition-property: width;
transition-duration: 5s;
}
div:hover { width: 100px }
 multiple properties example:
div {
width: 20px;
transition: width 3s, transform 3s;
}
div:hover {
width: 100px;
transform: rotate(90deg);
}
Animations - properties
 @keyframes : defines the frames of the animation
 animation-name : defines the animation name, used in @keyframes
 animation-duration : duration of the animation
 animation-timing-function : defines the speed of the transition;
values: linear|ease|ease-in|ease-out|ease-in-out|cubic-bezier(n,n,n,n)
 animation-delay : startup delay (in seconds)
 animation-iteration-count : how many times the animation is
played
 animation-direction : the direction in which animation is played
(normal | reverse | alternate | alternate-reverse)
 animation-play-state : running or pausing the animation
 animation – shorthand property
 Animations - @keyframes
@keyframes name-of-animation {
keyframe-selector {
property: value;
…
property: value;
}
…
keyframe-selector {
property: value;
…
property: value;
}
}
keyframe-selector is either ‘from’ (=0%), ‘to’ (=100%) or a percent of animation
Duration from 0% to 100%.
property is a CSS property.
 Animations - example
@keyframes move {
0% { left: 100px; }
40% { left: 130px; }
100% { left: 150px; }
}
div {
animation: move 5s;
}
Multiple columns
 Firefox uses prefix –moz- and Chrome uses –webkit-
 Useful properties:
 column-count : no. of columns an element is divided
 column-fill : how to fill columns (balance | auto)
 column-gap : space between columns (dimension)
 column-rule-color : color of rule between columns (same as
border-color)
 column-rule-style : style of rule between columns (same as
border-style)
 column-rule-width : width of rule between columns (same as
border-width)
 column-span : span of a column
 column-width : width of columns
 columns : shorthand for column-width and column-count
Multiple columns - example
div {
column-count : 3;
column-rule-color : black;
column-rule-style : dotted;
column-rule-width : 1px;
}

div {
columns: 40px 2;
}
 Borders
 border-radius : (<length> | <percent>) {1,4} /
(<length> | <percent>) {1,4}
create rounded corners; there are two radix values for each corner : top-
left, top-right, bottom-right, bottom-left
ex. div { border-radius : 10px 10px 20px 20px / 5px 5px 10px 10px }
 box-shadow : h-shadow v-shadow blur spread color
inset
adds a inner/outer shadow to a box;
ex. div { box-shadow : 2px 2px 5px #eeffdd }
 border-image : source slice width outset repeat
source=image used for border; slice=4 inward offsets of the border image
for top, bottom, left and right sides; width=4 widths of the border image
for top, bottom, left and right sides; outset=4 values, the amount the
border image extends outside the border of the box
 Background and sprites
 CSS3 allows to have several background images for an
element
 Sprites are several images contained in one image
which can individually be used as backgrounds by
setting different values for background-position; see
example..
Text shadow
 text-shadow : h-shadow v-shadow blur color;
 Ex.: div {
text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px #ff00dd;
}
 CSS flexbox display
 allows the contents of a container to be displayed in a
flexible grid (organized in rows and/or columns)
<div class=“flexdiv”>
<div>1</div>
<div>2</div>
</div>
.flexdiv {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column | column-reverse | row | row-reverse;
flex-wrap: nowrap | wrap | wrap-reverse;
justify-content: center | flex-start | flex-end; // align horizontally
align-items: center | flex-start | flex-end; // align vertically
}
Beyond CSS : CSS preprocessors
 using functions, variables, inheritance, code
reusability, operators, if, loops in CSS ?
 extend CSS syntax (compiled to standard CSS by a
preprocessor written in node.js, ruby etc.)
 Stylus
 Compass
 Less
 Sass
CSS preprocessors, example
(less)
@font-size: 16px;

.bordered (@width) {
border: @width solid #ddd;
&:hover {
border-color: #999;
}
}

h1 { .bordered(5px);
font-size: @font-size;
}
Responsive web design
 Document should look good on any device (desktop,
tablet, phone)
 Use CSS to shrink, enlarge, hide or move html content
in order to look good on any screen
 Setting viewport:
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
- sets the width of the page to follow the screen width of the device

- sets the initial zoom level to 1 (no zoom)

 Do not rely on a particular viewpoint
 Use relative (percentage, %) dimensions: width, height
 Use media-querries to apply different styles to
large/small screens
Responsive web design (2)
 Use @media to apply css style only if a condition is
met
@media only screen and (max-width: 500px) {
#div1 {
width: 100%;
}
}

@media only screen and (min-width: 500px) {

….
}
@media only screen and (orientation: landscape) {
…
}
CSS neat typography: web fonts
 see Google web fonts: https://fonts.google.com/
 usage example:
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Jura">
<style>
body {
color: #cfd2da;
font-family: 'Jura', sans-serif;
font-size: 0.9rem;
}
</style>
 Neat CSS icons: google icons
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?
family=Material+Icons">

<i class="material-icons" style="font-size:48px;color:red“>folder</i>

<i class="material-icons" style="font-size:48px;color:red“>
cloud_upload</i>
Neat CSS icons: fontawesome
<link rel="stylesheet"
href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-
awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css">

<i class="fa fa-car" style="font-size:60px;color:red;"></i>