Integrated Water Resources

Management

Dr. Ir.Anik Sarminingsih,MT

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK LINGKUNGAN

Framework of IWRM Course

 Concepts and Challenges

 Water and River System
 Human Interferences and Water Uses
 Planning Issue
 Operational and Demand Management
 Water Tariff and Pricing
 Water Allocation
 Decision Support System
 Institutional Issues

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 007

Concepts and Challenges

(what and why and how)

UNESCO-IRTCES 2
 Concepts

 What dose WRM mean ?

Different people have different ideas, since
they may have different water problems.

Too much : Flood

Too limited: Drought
Too dirty: Pollution

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
Understanding from different people

 To people in arid countries

 To people in wet countries
 To the water engineer
 To the environmentalist
 To the lawyer
 To the economist
 To the politicians

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Baseline: from WRD to IWRM

 Water Resources Development (WRD)

 Water Resources Planning (WRP)

 Water Resources Management (WRM)

 Integrated Water Resources Management
(IWRM)

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 WRD and WRP

 WRD means actions, mostly physical, that

lead to the beneficial use of water resources
for single or multiple purposes.
 WRP is planning of the development,
conservation and allocation of a scarce
resources, matching water availability and
water demand, taking account the full set of
different level objectives and constraints
and the interests of stakeholders.
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 WRM and IWRM

 WRM is to ensure the sustainability of the

water environment for multiple uses as an
integral part of a country’s economic
development process.
 IWRM includes the whole set of technical,
institutional, managerial, legal and
operational activities required to plan,
develop, operate and manage water
resources for sustainable development
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 IWRM

Integrated Water Resources Management is

the process of coordinating conservation,
management and development of water, land
and related resources across sectors, in order
to maximize the economic and social
benefits derived from water resources in an
equitable manner while preserving and,
where necessary, restoring freshwater
ecosystems.
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Relationship: expending

WRD (Action)

WRP ( Dev. , Cons., Alloc. )

WRM (Environment S., Economic B.)

IWRM (Economic/Social B. Equity, Ecosystem)

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 IWRM: Integration Levels
Integrated Approach Levels:

1.Surface water - groundwater water quantity -

water quality

2.Water in relation to land, soil, climate

3.Water in relation to environment and socio-

economic development

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 IWRM: Intergrated parameters

 All natural aspects of the water system: surface water,

groundwater, water quality (physical, biological and chemical).
 All sectors depending on water: agriculture, households,
industry, hydropower, navigation, fisheries, recreation,
ecosystems.
 The relevant national objectives and constraints: social,
economic, institutional, environmental.
 Institutions at all relevant levels: basin, national, provincial, local.
 The spatial variation of resources and demands: upstream-
downstream interaction, basin-wide analysis, inter-basin transfer.
 The temporal variation: floods, droughts, peak demands, growth
patterns.

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 IWRM: How Integrated ?

Although the term “integrated” most commonly refers to

integration across use sectors, it can also encompass a
number of other divisions, including the following:

Administrative jurisdictions; Ground and surface water;

Upstream and downstream reaches; Environmental and
human uses; Supply and demand management; Water
quantity and quality;
Land and water use; and Transboundary uses etc.

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
IWRM: aim and criteria

The aim of IWRM is to ensure the multi-functional

use of water resources for the present and future
generations.

The three major criteria:

Economic efficient use of natural resources

Equitable sharing of welfare
Sustainability

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 IWRM:
Among or Beyond

IWRM is the management of freshwater systems as

part of the broader natural environment and in
relation to their socio-economic environment.

Links with:

IRBM – Integrated river basin management

ICZM – Integrated coastal zone management

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Challenges: Why we need IWRM ?
 some 1.2 billion people are still without safe drinking
water
 some 3 billion people are without sanitation, which
threatens public health and water quality
 between 1950 and 1995 per capita water availability has
dropped by 38% (in developed countries) to 70% (in
developing countries with an arid climate)
 many ecosystems are being destroyed
 floods occur more often and cause more damage
 many conflicts occur between upstream and
downstream uses and between different types of water
use
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
A single discipline approach can no longer
provide satisfactory solutions, because of

Strong linkage between different phenomena

–land use  erosion  water quality
–land use  runoff  peak flows
–water use for irrigation  food supply
–public water supply & sanitation  human health
–water withdrawals  base flows
–wastewater & solid waste  water quality
–water quality  human health, productivity of ecosystems
–flood regulation  downstream land fertility
–large-scale infrastructure  environmental integrity
–global climate change  regional water availability

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 IWRM and IRBM

IWRM is still a relatively new Sustainable

concept, focussed on the Development
process through which people
can develop a vision, agree and management
on shared values and of water can be
behaviours, make informed achieved by
decisions and act together to
manage the natural applying
resources. Integrated Water
Resources
IRBM: River Basin Management.
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Elements of IWRM and IRBM

1. Operational management
Activities that affect river basins directly.

2. Planning
A means to improve and support operational management.

3. Analytical support
Support to both planning and operational management.

4. Institutional framework
The boundary conditions, the context.
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
IWRM Course Structure

Institutional
Planning framework

Analytical
Operational / D. support
management

Water Resources and Water users

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 007

Water and River System

UNESCO-IRTCES 2
 Hydrosphere

 Water: 1386 million km3 on earth

– in which: 97.5% saline water
– 2.5% freshwater
 Freshwater
– 68.9% : ice, snow in the Antarctic, the Arctic
and the mountains
– 0.3% : lakes, reservoirs and river systems
– 29.9%+0.9%: groundwater + others

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
Water distribution on the earth
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Three types of water

 In the hydrological
cycle three types
of water can be
distinguished:
white, blue and
green

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Distribution

 Renewable global water resources

42,700 km3 per year, however,

 Asia 13,500 km3

 South America 12,000 km3
 Europe 2,900 km3
 Australia, Oceania: 2,400 km3

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
Water Availability Continently
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
Water Availability Regionally
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
River and Wetland
ecosystems

 The different
types of
wetlands.

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
Wetland ecosystems and biodiversity

 Many environmental problems can be

understood better if addressed from an
ecological perspective.
 Ecology is the scientific discipline that studies
how organisms (plants, animals, bacteria)
interact in and with the natural world.

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
River basin functions and interactions

 A river basin serves as the most appropriate

unit for maintaining the health of its
functioning and the conservation of
freshwater systems
 River basins are defined by catchments

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
River basin functions and interactions

 Catchments can be defined at different

spatial scales  stream orders: scale up
from sub-basin level

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Interactions in river
basin systems
Water use Land use Industrial Climate change
activity

River runoff Water quality

Base flows
Peak flows
Public water
supply & Food
sanitation production Flooding

Human Economic Fisheries

health development
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
River basin functions and interactions

 Functions of river systems:

– water supply
– sewage discharge
– nutrient retention
– etc.

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
Interactions in river basin systems

 A river basin is a complex system.

– Many sub-systems
– Non-linear cause-effect chains
– Feedback mechanisms
– Uncertainties
 Complex systems can only be understood
through holistic analysis.
 Complex systems can only be properly managed
if one considers the consequences of activities
and measures throughout the system.
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 007

Human interferences and

Water Uses

UNESCO-IRTCES 2
 Human interferences

 Different cultures have different attitudes

towards nature
 Market economy and economic growth
may lead to overexploitation of resources
 Search Balance of Quantity and Quality

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Water Quantity

 flood protection
 irrigation
 drainage
 groundwater withdrawal
 water supply
 sanitation
 flow regulation
 power generation
 navigation

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Water Quality

 organic matter and nutrients

 sediments
 chemical pollution
 thermal pollution

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Water-Using Activities

 Consumption
– Water Supply (domestic and industrial use)
– Irrigation (Agriculture use)
Non-consumption
hydropower navigation
recreation and fishery

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Unit municipal water use

China
Year Urban L/d Rural L/d
capita capita
1980 117 71
1993 178 73
2000 215 97
2010 251 127

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Unit municipal water use

Year Urban L/d Note

capita
Japan 1970 138 measured
Japan 1975 169

UK 1977 168 measured

SW England 117-161

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Unit municipal water use

 Large cities in the world: 300-600 l/d

 Europe and N. America: 500-1000 l/d

 Asia, Africa, Latin America 50-100 l/d

 Some regions with insufficient water: 10-40 l/d

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Municipal water use (Identify)

 Domestic (with and without public: Garden, Hotel,

Hospital…)

 Use and consumption (10-60%, depends on

water withdrawal)

 Projection: Real demand and

consumption
 Alternatives: High, middle, low growth rate
 Proportional to total water use
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Irrigation water demand

 Water condition: Precipitation, soil

moisture…, dry year, normal year, wet
year, (75%, 50%, 25% in probabilities)
 Crop pattern: rice, maize,wheat,vegetable…
 Natural zones: humid, semi-arid, arid…

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Irrigation scheme

 Prepare irrigation scheme based on cropping

pattern and growing stages, e.g, paddy rice:

– establishment stage
– vegetative stage
– flowering stage
– yield formation stage
– ripening stage

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Irrigation water use

 In practice, net water use:

– water demand for each crop
– cropping pattern
– planting area

Gross water use:

Efficiency : 0.5 or low

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Irrigation issues

 Low efficiency
 High water consumption
 A lot of return flow
 Costly irrigation system construction and
maintain

 Main output of food production

 High beneficial cropping pattern

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Industry water use

 Industry situation in developing countries and

developed countries
 GDP is mainly from industrial contribution (>=50%)

 Cooling water
 Air-conditioner
 Production (process)
 Other (clean or other water use in factories)

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Water use processes

 Water use (Gross )

 Water intake
 Water drainage
 Water consumption
 Water reuse

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Environmental water use

 Basic water storage in lakes

 Low flow of rivers
 Ecosystem water requirement
 Biodiversity and water need

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Priorities in WRM

 Domestic
 Industrial
 Irrigation
 Environment
or  Domestic
 Environment
 Industrial
 Irrigation
Or...
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 007

Planning Issues

UNESCO-IRTCES 2
 Planning: Triggers
 Problems that need solution

 Prevent future problems

 Planning for further development

e.g. development of resources currently not used

 Drawing of a regular (e.g. 5-year) policy plan

Better prevent problems than solve them afterwards.

Keep on thinking and regularly update your plans.

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 The planning process

Policy analysis
 Problem analysis
 Design of alternative measures and strategies
 Evaluation of strategies (ex-ante evaluation)

Decision making
 Weighing of pros and cons of different strategies
 Making trade-offs

Post-ante evaluation
 Evaluation of policies that were implemented earlier

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Policy analysis

The Aim
generate and present useful information for decision makers.

The Art
common sense, experience and ingenuity
knowledge and understanding
lots of listening, co-ordination, translation
systematic, methodical
look for ‘good’ solutions : ‘optimal’ solutions do not exist
account for uncertainties: avoid high-risk strategies

Analysis  decision making

but in the process of analysis choices have to be made, preferably by the decision
maker, not by the analyst

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Policy analysis: Framework

1. Problem analysis/identification
2. Formulation of objectives, constraints and
criteria
3. Determination of analysis conditions
4. Systems analysis
5. Design of alternative measures and strategies
6. Assessment of policy impacts
7. Evaluation: comparison of alternatives

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
Policy analysis: First round of analysis
 analysis of triggers
 problem analysis
 identification of possible measures
 identification of questions to be answered
 identification of objectives
 definition of criteria for evaluation
 limitations, constraints
 formulation of analysis conditions
 identification and involvement of stakeholders
 characterisation of stakeholders (problems, interests,
strengths, weaknesses, linkages)
 setting priorities whenever possible
 working plan
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
Policy analysis :Next rounds of analysis
 data collection and analysis
 analysis of human and economic conditions
 analysis of the natural system
 formulation of strategies
 impact assessment
 implementation assessment
 evaluation of alternative strategies
 comparison of alternative strategies
 presentation of results
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Policy analysis: Concepts
 triggers
 problems
 objectives
 constraints
 criteria
 indicators
 system, system boundaries and assumptions
 scenarios
 measures (structural, non-structural)
 strategies
 policy
 evaluation or/and post evaluation
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Planning: Planning approaches

Linear planning
The traditional approach: step after step.

Cyclic planning : The same steps are repeated several

times, with increasing detail.

Open ended planning : Keeping options open for later decision.

Rolling planning : Continuous updating and adjustment of plans in

order to adapt to changing circumstances.

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Planning

In the course three items relevant in planning will be elaborated

in separate units.

 Public participation : involving the public in the

planning process
 Strategic planning and management : assisting
decision-makers in context of rapid change
 Decision making framework for river basin
developments: a structured process, incorporating
the full range of social, environmental, technical,
economic and financial criteria and standards
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 007

Operational and Demand

Management

UNESCO-IRTCES 2
 Operational Management

 There is no universal best approach

 Enforcement is often a problem
 Use of markets may be efficient (e.g.
tradable emissions)
 Charging and full-cost recovery
 Water rights

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Instruments
Concrete activities Direct interference by the managers

Regulation Influencing other managers or users by

forbidding activities or explicitly allowing
Economic instruments Influencing other managers or users by
financial (dis) incentives
Communication & Influencing other managers or users by
awareness raising providing information
Financing Supporting the previous instruments by
providing the necessary funds
Capacity building Supporting the previous instruments by
providing the other necessary resources
(personnel, legal competencies, policy
directives)
UNESCO-IRTCES 20
07
 Activities
Concrete activities Structural flood protection, river regulation,
water supply and sanitation infrastructure,
reforestation
Regulation Standard setting, permitting, compliance
monitoring, sanctioning
Economic instruments Charges (taxes, levies), subsidies, tradable
water use and pollution rights
Communication & Public information, non-binding plans,
awareness raising voluntary agreements
Financing Charges, general taxes

Capacity building Staff training, legislation, planning

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Balance and Coordination
Structural vs. non-structural measures
- water supply vs. water demand policy
- dikes vs. land-use planning and insurance
- the social and environmental side-effects of infrastructure

Regulatory approaches to pollution control

- product policy, process standards, emission standards or water
quality standards?
- using up the space up to standard

Regulation vs. communication

- the problem of regulatory instruments: enforcement
- also (more?) important: understanding & commitment
- voluntary agreements and other communicative instruments

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
Balance and Coordination (cont.)
Potentials and limitations of market mechanisms
- market mechanisms are efficient
- e.g. tradable emission rights, tradable water use rights
- risks: safeguarding the interest of the poor, speculation, monopoly
- monitoring & control remain as necessary as with regulatory
approach

Charging and full cost recovery

- marginal cost pricing is economically efficient
- prices should include full economic and environmental cost
- drawbacks: water delivery to the poor at risk, irrigated agriculture
less profitable, reduction in production

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Demand Management (DM)

 The development and implementation of

strategies to influence demand for the
efficient and sustainable use of scarce
resource.

 1992 Dublin Conference declared

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Demand Management

 Difference between SUPPLY & DEMAND

 SUPPLY oriented
– As much as possible water supply capacity
– Users will use water properly
– Water is a free or almost free good

However, water waste considerably

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Demand Management

 DEMAND orientation
– looks at the real demand
– water is a economic good (users pay)
– water is precious (equal distribution)

The manage focuses on the demand

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Demand Management Aims

 To safeguard the rights of access to water for

future generations
 To limit water demands
 To ensure equitable distribution
 To protect environment
 To maximize the socio-economic output
 To increase the efficiency of water use

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 From Supply Strategies

 Supply oriented measures

– Surface water capture and storage
– Inter-basin water transfer
– Groundwater exploitation
– Watershed management
– Conjunctive use of surface and ground water
– Desalination
– Pollution control
– Water sharing agreement
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Strategies of WRM

 Demand oriented measures

– Institutional and legal framework
– Macro economic policy
– Awareness raising, education
– Economic incentives
– Legal incentives Incentives
– Canal lining
– Leak detection
– User appliance
– Water reuse, efficiency, recycling
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Demand Management Tools

 Technical (water conservation, water saving

technology, leakage control, cropping)
 Economic (subsidies, tax and price
policy,water tariff)
 Administration (licenses, regulations,
policing,capacity building)
 Legal (water law, water rights, fines)

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Demand Management Tools

 Educational (awareness raising,

communication, education)
 Operational (operating rules, water
allocations)
 Political (priorities, objectives, constraints)

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Benefit Trade-off

 Water rights
– Sector transfer
– Distribution variation
 Water price
– Exchange rate
 Water market
– Agreement
– Tradable water or emission rights

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Demand Management
technical methods

 Reduce waste
– Leakage
– Illegal user identification
 Improve maintenance
– Encourage investment
– Reliable system
 Double systems for supply
– Distinguish water qualities and supply purposes

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
Demand Management
technical methods

 Water saving technologies

– Instrument: bibcock, muzzle…
 Good water use habit
– Household education
 Prohibition, quota, limitation
– In urgent case (extreme drought situation)
 System management
– Records and meters

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Integrated WRM

 Demand Management is one of the most

important components of IWRM strategies

– Awareness and promotion

– Education and training
– Implementation incentives

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Demand Management
5P methodology

 Preachments (Awareness, education…)

 Prices (Economic tools)
 Politics (Equity, social stability)
 Practices (Technical tools & mechanism)
 Policing (Incentives, licenses…)

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Strategy options
Demand Management or Supply Management

High Supply Low Supply

High Demand Demand Management Supply Management

Water Quality Manage.

Low Demand Demand Management Free Strategies:

Supply Management Demand Management
Pollution Control Supply Management

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 007

Water tariff and pricing

UNESCO-IRTCES 2
 Functions of Water Tariff

 a source of tax
 impact water use behavior (elastic)
 economic benefit
 income transfer
 equity and acceptability
 income stability and water tariff feasibility
 Water conservation

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Water Pricing
Water for Poor pay
free Rich get
free water

No cost recovery Poor have no

service
No System
maintenance break-down

FREE WATER DILEMMA

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Water free of charge

 Mis-allocations of water resources

 Inefficient use
 Overexploitation

At Dublin Conference
Rio Conference (Agenda 21)
 Economic good
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Most important economic tool

 Water pricing makes a key instrument for DM

– Increased price reduces demand

– Increased price increases supply
– Increased price facilitate reallocation among sectors
– Increased prices improve managerial efficiency

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
Composition of water pricing

– operational costs Internal

financial Cost
– capital costs
– external costs Economic
costs
– opportunity costs
– tax or surcharge Users pay

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Willing to pay (two cases)

 The willingness to pay is larger than the

economic cost
– Surcharge or tax

 The willingness to pay is less than the

economic cost
– Subsidies

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Willingness to pay

Many parameters:

 Affordability
 Scarcity of the resources
 Appreciation for the resources
 Time and Spatial parameters

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
Elastic curve (Price and Demand)

dQ/Q PdQ
E = -------- = ---------
dP/P QdP

If E <-1, price increase is elastic (reactive)

If E –1<E<0, price response is rigid (inelastic)

Price-demand relations for drinking water are always

inelastic

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Price-demand relations

Q= C/P
410
360
310
Increasing available budget
260
210 C
Q

160
110
60
10
P
UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Experiences (case study)

Unpaid Water Supply Stage (1949~1965)

Welfare Water Supply Stage (1965~1978)
Water Charges Reform Stage (1978~1984)
Commodity Water Stage (1985~up to now)

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Water price for agriculture

No. region Docume Water price remar

nt No. ks
grain crops economic crops

1 Hebei [1997]18 1.3~2.6yuan/mu + 7.5fen/m3 The same as grain

3 crops
2 Shanxi [1996]35 0.14 yuan/m3 for GID, 0.18 0.18 yuan/m3 for GID,
7 yuan/m3 for PID 0.23 yuan/m3 for PID
3 Liaoning [1996]9 3fen/m3 3fen/m3

4 Jilin [1996]95 2.34fen/m3 for RID, the same as grain

3.45fen/m3 for REID, crops
2.21fen/m3 for PID
5 Heilongji [1997]8 20 yuan/mu for IF, 15yuan/mu
ang 10yuan/mu for NF
6 Jiangsu [1995]66 4~8 yuan/mu for IF, 0.5~2 4~8yuan/mu
yuan/mu for NF

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Proportion of water price to water supply cost

Unit: yuan/m3
year 1996 1997 increment increment
rate˄%˅
index
water price 0.02 0.02 0 0
water supply cost 0.053 0.055 0.002 3.8
proportion of water 37.7 36.4 -1.3 -3.4
price to WS cost (%)

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
Proportions of water charges to agricultural
production cost Unit: %

crops wheat corn beet Sunflower

year
1989 9.59 6.92 5.11 9.63

1993 6.90 5.95 4.80 8.74

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
Trend analysis of water price change in Tianjin
Unit: yuan/m3

avera industry water domestic water

item ge cost
water water water water price/water cost
year
price price/water price (%)
cost (%)
1986 0.203 0.32 158 0.08 39

1987 0.219 0.32 146 0.08 36

1988 0.234 0.32 137 0.08 34

1991 0.266 0.34 128 0.09 34

1993 0.388 0.58 149 0.40 103

1995 0.516 0.70 136 0.40 78

1997 0.717 1.17 163 0.70 98

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Water pricing design

 unit price decreasing

Water volume (m3) Water price ($/m3)

0- 5 1.05
5-10 0.90
10-50 0.75
> 50 0.50

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Water pricing design

 unit price increasing

Water volume (m3) Water price ($/m3)

0- 5 0.50
5-10 0.70
10-50 0.95
> 50 1.20

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007
 Integrated price
Water volume (m3) Water price ($/m3)
0- 5 0.70
5-10 1.10
10-50 0.95
> 50 0.65

UNESCO-IRTCES 2007