It makes the outermost surface or

protective layer of the body

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
The Integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages acting to protect
the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside.
The integumentary system includes:
•Skin
•Hair
•Nails
•Exocrine glands
It has a variety of additional functions:
•Protect the body’s internal living tissues and organs
•Protect the body from dehydration
•Protect the body against abrupt changes in temperature, maintain homeostasis
•Help excrete waste materials through perspiration
•Act as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold.
•Protect the body against sunburns by secreting melanin
•Generate vitamin D through exposure to ultraviolet light
•Store water, fat, glucose, vitamin D
•Maintenance of the body form
•Protect from UV rays.
•Regulates body temperature
•Protect against invasion by infectious organisms
 SKIN
•The skin is the largest organ in the body.
•In humans, it accounts for about 12 to 15 percent or
20 pounds of total body weight and covers almost 20
square feet of the surface area.
•The human skin (integument) is composed of at least
two major layers of tissue: the epidermis and dermis.
(The hypodermis or subcutaneous layer is not part of
the skin.)
THE SKIN
2 MAIN LAYERS
 EPIDERMIS
 DERMIS
EPIDERMIS – outermost layer of the skin
 The epidermis is the top layer of skin made up
of epithelial cells. It does not contain blood vessels. Its
main functions are protection, absorption of
nutrients, and homeostasis.
 In structure, it consists of a keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium comprising
four types of cells:
keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells,
and Langerhans' cells
The primary function of keratinocytes is
the formation of a barrier against
environmental damage by pathogenic
bacteria, fungi,
parasites, viruses, heat, UV
radiation
and water loss.

•The major cell of the epidermis is the keratinocyte,

which produces keratin.

•Keratin- a protein that gives skin its strength and flexibility and
waterproofs the skin surface.
Are melanin-producing
neural-crest derived

Melanin is
the pigment primarily
responsible for skin color
•Also known as Merkel-Ranvier cells
ortactile epithelial cells,
are oval-shaped mechanoreceptors
essential for light touch sensation
and found in the skin of vertebrates.
 Are dendritic cells, branched cells that
play a role in immunity

First line of defense (epidermis)

LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
FROM INNER TO OUTER
1. Stratum
Germinativum
2. Stratum Spinosum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Lucidum
5. Stratum Corneum
1. Stratum Germinativum (Basal Layer) – placed over
the basement membrane separating it from dermis.
Source of the cells of other layers.
2. Stratum Spinosum (Malpighi) – layer of cells
containing pigments
3. Stratum Granulosum – layer of flat cells with
granular cytoplasm
4. Stratum Lucidum – layer of closely packed, clear
dead cells
5. Stratum Corneum – outermost layer without
nuclei. The cells contain hardened substance called
Keratin.
DERMIS – or CORIUM or TRUE
SKIN
- thick layer of connective tissues
containing elastic fibers, blood
vessels, nerves, muscles and
lymphatic.
DERMIS
2 LAYERS OF DERMIS
1. Papillary Layer –
contains loop of blood
capillaries or ending of
one or more sensory
nerves
2. Reticular layer (deep
layer) – contains root s of
hair, plain (m)fiber,
lymphatic vessels,blood
vessels and nerves
 Appendages of the skin
 Nails
 Hair or Pili
 Sebaceous Gland – secretes sebum (oily secretion)
that keeps hair moist and strong
 Sudoriferous Gland – Sweat Gland
 found in axilla, palms, soles, forehead
 It maintain body temperature through evaporation
process
HAIR
•Hair is special structure of the skin.
•Hair is formed by epidermal cells that line a pocket called FOLLICLE
•The outside layer of the hair and skin are both composed of transparent keratin
cells. If you look the hair shaft, you will see these cells overlap like scale on a fish.
• When these cells lie flat, they reflect light, giving hair its shine.
•The melanin pigment give hair as well as skin its color. Whether hair is curly or
straight depends on the angle of the hair follicle and the shape of the hair shaft.
•Hair fullness depends on the number of the shaft and the diameter of each one.
•Hair is present in most of the skin surface. However, it is most abundant in the scalp.
The hair grows from a follicle deep in the dermis, because the hair that you see is not
a living tissue, cutting or shaving the hair has no effect on its growth.
• is a horn-like envelope covering the tips of the fingers and toes in
most primates and a few other mammals.
A. NAIL PLATE
B. LUNULA
C. ROOT
D. SINUS
E. MATRIX
F. NAIL BED
G. HYPONYCHIUM
H. FREE MARGIN
SWEAT GLAND

ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND

-More numerous
-Found in palms,soles and
-forehead

APOCRINE SWEAT GLAND

-most common in armpit, areola
Nipple of the breast and perianal
Regions and external genitalia
-odorless, however,when decomposed
By bacteria on skin a “body odor” is created
a small gland in the skin which
secretes a lubricating oily matter
(sebum) into the hair follicles to
lubricate the skin and hair.
 SALIVARY GLANDS

any of various glands that

discharge a fluid secretion and
especially saliva into the mouth
cavity and that in humans
comprise large compound
racemose glands including
the parotid glands, the
sublingual glands, and the
submandibular glands.
The lacrimal glands are paired,
almond-shaped exocrine glands,
one for each eye, that secrete the
aqueous layer of the tear film.
They are situated in the upper
lateral region of each orbit, in
the lacrimal fossa of the orbit
formed by the frontal bone.
Inflammation of the lacrimal
glands is called dacryoadenitis.
 General Function of SKIN
 For protection from external injuries /
dangers
 For sensation through containing
numerous nerve endings
 For regulation of body temperature