What is Zoology?
Zoology – the
study of animals.
Kingdom
Animalia – animals
are multicellular,
eukaryotic, lack cell
walls and are
heterotrophs.
Why is zoology so broad of a science?
There are 1.5 million+ animals
(estimates as high as 3 million
undescribed).
Classified into 35 current Phyla
Phylum Arthropoda = 1.2 million+
named species.
Mammals represent only about 5, 000
named species
BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY
I.STRUCTURAL ZOOLOGY
A. MORPHOLOGY
B. ANATOMY
C. HISTOLOGY- histos ( tissues)
D. CYTOLOGY- cells
II. DEVELOPMENTAL ZOOLOGY
A. EMBRYOLOGY
B. ONTOGENY-study of individual
(birth to death)
C. GENETICS
BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY
III.
FUNCTIONAL
ZOOLOGY
A. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
B. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR /
ETHOLOGY
IV. SYSTEMATIC/ TAXONOMY
A. P R OTOZOOLOGY- protozoa
B. E NTOMOLOGY- insects
C. CONCHOLOGY- shells
D. MALACOLOGY- molluscs
E . HE R P E TOLOGY- reptiles/amphibians
F. OR NITHOLOGY-- birds
G. ICHTHY OLOGY- fishes
I. HE LMINTHOLOGY-worms
BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY
V. MEDICAL ZOOLOGY
A. PARASITOLOGY
B. PATHOLOGY
VI. DISTRIBUTIONAL
ZOOLOGY
A. ZOOGEOGRAPHY
B. ECOLOGY- “oikos”-
house(environment),
interrelationship
between living things
and non living things
VII. Historical zoology
A. PALEONTOLOGY-
fossils and remains of
animals(extinct)
B. PHYLOGENY- origin
of species
BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY
VIII.
ECONOMIC
ZOOLOGY
IX.SPECIALIZED
FIELDS OF ZOOLOGY
A. MOLECULAR ZOOLOGY
As the science that studies a major group of living
and once-living organisms, zoology, like botany, the
study of plants, is a very diverse field. The study of
animals includes numerous sub-disciplines,
including the following:
The structure and physiology of animals is studied under
such fields as anatomy, embryology, pathology, animal
nutriology, and physiology;
The common genetic and developmental mechanisms of
animals (and plants) is studied in molecular biology,
molecular genetics, cellular biology, biochemistry, and
developmental biology
The ecology and interactions of animals is covered under
behavioral ecology, physiological ecology, insect ecology,
biodiversity, conservation, parasitology, marine biology,
and other fields, including ecology in general;
The evolution and history of animals is considered in
evolutionary studies and paleontology;
The distribution of animals is studied in zoogeography;
Animal behavior is considered in ethology, animal
behavior, and reproductive biology;
The classification, naming, and describing of animals is part
of systematics and taxonomy.
In addition, the various taxonomically oriented disciplines, such
as mammalogy (the study of mammals), primatology
(primates), herpetology (reptiles and amphibians), ornithology
(birds), icthyology (fish), and so forth, study aspects that are
specific to those groups.
Zoology is such a diverse discipline that there is not any
professional society that covers all branches of zoology in a
dominant manner. Rather, one finds societies according to the
various taxons, such as birds, mammals, fish, snakes, wildlife, and
so forth.
Zoology serves a common and useful undergraduate major for
many medical students because it provides a valuable
foundation for understanding human physiology, anatomy,
genetics, embryology, and pathology.
Zoology Disciplines
Comparative Anatomy – the study of structures and
functions of various animal groups.
Taxonomy – the science of finding, describing, and
classifying animals.
Entomology – the study of insects.
Ichthyology – the study of fish
Herpetology – the study of reptiles and amphibians.
Ethology – the study of animal behavior.
Malacology – the study of molluscs.
Myrmecology – the study of ants.
Helminthology – the study of worms
What does a zoologist do?
Marine Biologist
Biochemist/Lab
Technician Wildlife Researcher
Animal Rehabilitation Reproductive Biologist Fisheries Biologist
And more…
Animal Trainer
Veterinarian
Even a
TEACHER!
Geneticist
History of Zoology
Zoology in Ancient Times
People must have had knowledge about animals that made
them capable in hunting, knowing which animals were
dangerous, and in domesticating animals.
In ancient India, texts described some
aspects of bird life.
In Egypt, the metamorphosis of insects
and frogs was described.
Egyptians and Babylonians also knew of
anatomy and physiology in various forms.
In ancient Mesopotamia,
animals were sometimes
kept in what can be
described as the first
zoological gardens.
Greekscientist and philosopher
Aristotle(384-322 B.C.,) described many
animals and their behaviors. Pioneer Zoologist, the first to
devise a system of classifying animals. Father of Zoology
In ancient Rome, Pliny the Elder is known
for his knowledge of nature, wrote a book
“Natural History”
Claudius Galen became a pioneer in
physiology, medicine and anatomy.
Hippocrates (Greece)Father of Medicine-
who devised the codeof medical ethics. Establishment of First
biomedical tradition.
Leonardo da Vinci -anatomist and scientist,
who made contribution by conducting autopsies on
humans, study theconcept of homology(similarity in
embryonic origin and development.)
Andreas Vesalius- first to dissect cadavers
and accurately depict anatomy. Father of Anatomy
Conrad von Gessner- wrote the book
“Historia Animalium” which is the basis of modern
zoology
William Harvey- made the Ist accurate
description of blood circulation
Marcello Malphighi such as observations
on blood circulation,demonstration of capillary circulation
in the lungs of frog. Anatomist and Entomologist
Robert Hooke, who published
Micrographia in 1665, based on his observations using a
microscope, single lens.
described the compartments of cork tissue as "cells."
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632–
1723), who made more than 400 microscopes himself,
was the first person to view single-celled microbes.
The Growth of Modern Zoology
Inthe seventeenth century,
adherents of the new philosophy
of investigation of nature by
means of observation and
experiment banded themselves
into academies or societies for
mutual support and dialogue.).
SEVENTEENTH(1700)-
EIGHTEENTH(1800) CENTURY
Systematizing and classifying dominated biology.
Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778), a
Swedish botanist, -developed a classification for animals
based on shared characteristics. Father of Taxonomy,
one of the Father of Modern Ecology. Binomial
System of Nomenclature
George Cuvier- French naturalist and
zoologist, established the fields of comparative anatomy
and paleontology
NINETEENTH CENTURY
In the later part of the nineteenth century, the area of
genetics developed
Gregor Mendel formulated his laws of
inheritance, published in 1866. Father of Genetics
Claude Bernard- French
physiologist, Father of Experimental
medicine
, Charles
In 1859
Darwin, with his
publication of The Origin
of Species, by means of
NATURAL SELECTION
Father of Evolution
Theory of
Evolution
