PROJECT SCHEDULING

 The tool that communicates what work needs to be performed,

which resources of the organization will perform the work and
the timeframes in which that work needs to be performed.

 The project schedule should reflect all of the work associated

with delivering the project on time. Without a full and
complete schedule, the project manager will be unable to
communicate the complete effort, in terms of cost and
resources, necessary to deliver the project.

 For making a schedule, a TIME-SCALED NETWORK ANALYSIS

is used .
COMMON TYPES OF PROJECT SCHEDULING:

GANTT CHART with S-Curve

PERT - Program Evaluation and Review Technique

CPM - Critical Path MethOd

PDM- Precedence diagram method

GANTT CHART
 A tool used for planning and scheduling project
activities and to monitor progress over time by
comparing planned and actual progress

S- CURVE
 A display of cumulative costs, progress or other
quantities plotted against time. The name derives
from the S-like shape of the curve, flatter at the
beginning and end and steeper in the middle,
which is typical of most projects. The beginning
represents a slow, deliberate but accelerating
start, while the end represents a deceleration as
the work runs out.
PERT - Program Evaluation and
Review Technique

PERT was Developed as a result of looking

for an improved method of planning and
evaluating progress of a large scale research
and development program.

Designed to provide the management a

periodic reporting of current status and an
outlook for the future on meeting approved
plans and schedules
CPM - Critical Path Method

Designed as a tool for planning, scheduling

and control of construction work

Its emphasis was on the work or activities to

be managed
 COMPARISON : PERT VS CPM
PERT CPM
PERT is a project management CPM is a statistical technique of project
technique, used to manage uncertain management that manages well defined
activities of a project. activities of a project.
A technique of planning and control of A method to control cost and time.
time.
Event-oriented Activity-oriented
Evolved as Research & Development Evolved as Construction project
project
Probabilistic Model Deterministic Model
Time Time-cost trade-off
Unpredictable Activities Predictable activities
Research and Development Project Non-research projects like civil
construction, ship building etc.
PERT/CPM
PERT AND CPM combined, is a control tool for defining
the parts of construction job and then putting them
together in a NETWORK form.

It serves as an aid to the construction manager but it

does not make decision for him nor it does guarantee go
od management. It only serves the project manager to
see the whole picture of the entire job.

It encourages periodic re-evaluation and providing an

accurate measure of progress. Thus, a person in charge
of each work and the project manager knows WHAT is
supposed to happen and WHEN it is supposed to
happen.
PERT/CPM
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE (PD) 1594

Prescribing Policies, Guidelines, Rules and

Regulations for Government Infrastructure
Contract
PERT/CPM
The project manager can easily obtain
 Graphical display of project activities
 Estimate of how long will the project last
 Determine which activities are the most
critical to timely project completion
 Determine how long any activity can be
delayed without lengthening the project
THREE PHASES OF PERT/CPM
 PLANNING

 SCHEDULING

 CONTROLLING AND MONITORING

THREE PHASES OF PERT/CPM
PLANNING

 Defined as determining the relationship

between the work operation and the
sequence in which they are to be
performed
 THREE PHASES OF PERT/CPM
PLANNING

1. Dividing the project into distinct activities.

2. Estimating time requirement for each activity.
3. Establishing precedence relationship among
activities.
4. Construction of the arrow diagram (network)
PLANNING PHASE
 FIVE INPUTS THAT CAN BE OBTAINED
1. A network diagram defining the
activities in the project
2. Duration of activities
3. Cost estimates of the activities for
monitoring cost, cash flow requirements
4. Resource estimates
5. Trade indicators (responsibility) for
activity grouping
THREE PHASES OF PERT/CPM
SCHEDULING

 Defined as the process of translating the

arrow diagram into time table of calendar
days. Determines the start and end time of
every activity.
SCHEDULE PHASE
FOUR OUTPUT THAT CAN BE OBTAINED

1. Schedule of activities in the network

diagram (critical activities, earliest start,
earliest finish, latest start, latest finish,
float)
2. Bar Chart or a Time-Scaled Network
3. Resource Analysis
4. Cash Requirement
THREE PHASES OF PERT/CPM
CONTROLLING AND MONITORING

 Flexibility and updated re-computations

brought about by changing conditions is
the key to a successful network
programming, wherein, this must be
updated periodically.
CONTROLLING AND MONITORING
PHASE
THE OUTPUT PHASE:
1. Time Status Report
2. Revised Schedules
3. Revised Bar Charts/Arrow Diagram/
Network
4. Revised resource Analysis
5. Revised Cash Flow analysis
CONTROLLING AND MONITORING
PHASE
USES ACTUAL DATAS INCLUDING:
1. Additions to the project
2. Deletion from the project
3. Changes as to duration, description, trade
indicators, cost and resource estimates
4. Actual Starting Dates
5. Actual Finishing Dates.
NETWORK or ARROW
DIAGRAM
A project consists of interrelated activities which are to
be executed in a certain order before the entire task is
completed.

The activities are interrelated in a logical sequence

which is known as Precedence relationship.

Project is represented in the form of network for the

purpose of analytical treatment to get solutions for
scheduling and controlling its activities.

A Network diagram are composed mainly of a number

of Arrows (Activity) and Nodes (Events)
ELEMENTS OF NETWORK DIAGRAMMING
Activity (Arrows) - is the work
operations required to complete a task
or the actual work between events.

Events (Nodes) – Point in time

signifying the beginning or end of one
or more activities.

Dummy Activity- an arrow with

imaginary activity on a network
showing the precedence relationship
between two activities. Duration = 0

Duration – the time it takes an activity

to be finished.

Path- a sequence of activities that

leads from the starting node to the
finishing node.
NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS
Conventions:
1. Activity on Arrow
2. Activity on Node

Principles :
1. Everything on the
Diagram must have
meaning.
2. An activity has a single
definite starting point (tail
event) and a single ending
point (head event)
3. The network does not
describe time relationship
but rather dependency
relationship
4. The network is hardly
ever done by a single
person.
THE NETWORK DIAGRAM
Critical Path - Is the longest
route in the network of a project
representing a project. The sum
of the activities duration along
this path will be the DURATION
OF THE PROJECT, any delays
within these activities may result
to delay on the entire project.

Two Phases:
1. Forward Pass – determining
the Earliest Start (ES) Event

1. Backward Pass-
Determining the Latest
Finish (LF) Event
THE NETWORK DIAGRAM
Earliest Event – earliest occurrence of
an event and numerically equal to the
longest path of activities in series from
the project start to finish.

ES – Earliest Start Event

ES(n) =MAX { EF(n-1) + D(n)}

EF- Earliest Finish Event

EF(n) =ES(n-1)+ D(n)

Latest Events - latest time the event

may occur without delaying project
completion.

LS – Latest Start Event

LS(n) =LF(n+1) - D(n)

LF- Latest Finish Event

LF(n) =MIN { LF(n+1) - D(n)}
THE NETWORK DIAGRAM
Conditions for Critical Path:

1. Based on Earliest Start and Latest

Finish:
ES(1) = LF(1)

ES(n) = LF(n)

ES(n) - ES(1) = LF(n) - LF(1) = D(n)

1. Based on Total Float and Free

Float:
TF(n) = FF(n) =0
THE NETWORK DIAGRAM
Total Float (TF) - the span of time
an activity can be delayed after its
earliest start time without delaying
the project completion.
TF (n) =LF(n)- EF(n)
TF (n) =LF(n)- ES(n-1)- D(n)

Free Float (FF) – the span of time

that the activity completion time
can be delayed without affecting the
Earliest Start Time of immediate
successor activities in the network.
FF (n) =ES(n)- ES(n-1)- D(n)
 Guidelines for Network
Construction
1. The starting event and
ending event of an activity
are also called tail event
and head event respectively.
2. The network should have a
unique starting node (tail
event).
3. The network should have a
unique completion node
(head event).
4. No activity should be
represented more than one
activity in the network.
5. No two activities should
have the same starting
node and the same ending
node.
6. Duration of a dummy
activity is zero
 Example:
DURATION
ACTIVITY PREDECESSOR(S) (WEEKS)
1. Construct the Network A - 2
diagram for this data from a B - 5
project:
C - 4
D B 5
2. Determine the Critical Path E A 7
and Determine the total
F A 3
duration of the Project
G B 3
H C,D 6
3. Compute the Total Float and
I C,D 2
Free Float
J E 5
K F,G,H 4
L F,G,H 3
M I 12
N J,K 8
 Seatwork:
DURATION
ACTIVITY PREDECESSOR(S) (WEEKS)
1. Construct the Network A - 6
diagram for this data from a B - 3
project:
C - 4
D A 2
2. Determine the Critical Path E B 3
and Determine the total
F C 5
duration of the Project
G C 3
H E,F 5
3. Compute the Total Float and
I D 5
Free Float
J HG 3
 REMINDERS: BSCE 4A
Reporting- Printed Output – last submission Friday, March22,
2019

FINAL EXAM - Tuesday, MARCH 28, 2019 6-9PM

Coverage: Chapters 3-9

PIT (Assignment) – Printed Output submitted

on/before April 01, 2019.
Output: Project Drawings, Program of
Works, Gantt Chart with S-Curve and
PERT/CPM network diagram
 REMINDERS: BSCE 4C
Reporting- Printed Output – last submission Friday, March22,
2019

FINAL EXAM - Tuesday, MARCH 26, 2019 6-9PM

Coverage: Chapters 1-9

PIT (Assignment) – Printed Output submitted

on/before April 01, 2019.
Output: Project Drawings, Program of
Works, Gantt Chart with S-Curve and
PERT/CPM network diagram