S

T
E IMPROVED LEARNING AND
P INSTRUCTION

S
IN
C
L
USING THE RESULTS
A
S APPRAISING THE TEST

S ADMINISTERING THE TEST

R ASSEMBLING THE TEST

PREPARING RELEVANT TEST ITEMS

O
O SELECTING APPROPRIATE ITEM TYPES

M BUILDING A TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONStos.doc

TESTING DETERMINING THE PURPOSE OF TESTING

1. Has clearly defined purposes.

-learning outcomes
-what and how to evaluate
2. Has specific standard content.

-tasks covered during instruction

3. Uses standard administration
procedures

-standard conditions
4. Uses standard scoring procedures

- safety net for guessing

- use of scoring formula
- efficiency of the scoring process
5. Has good psychometric properties.

-validity
-reliability
GENERAL RULES IN WRITING TEST
ITEMS
1. Give them clear and concise
instructions at the beginning of the
test.

TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the

statement is true and write FALSE if the
statement is false.
Compute for the following. Answers should be
in percentage and rounded up to two decimal
places. (18 pts).

Select the best answer by shading the

letter of your choice in the answer sheet
provided for.
ESSAY.

Fill-in the blanks. (40 points)

Essay. Make your essay brief but

comprehensive. (25 points)

WRITE THE LETTER OF YOUR ANSWER FROM

THE BOX PROVIDED AND DEFEND EACH
ANSWER ACCORDING TO THE PRINCIPLES
DISCUSSED. WRITE ALL ANSWERS IN YOUR
TEST PAPER. (MAXIMUM SCORE = 6 POINTS
EACH, MINIMUM SCORE = 2 POINTS EACH)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Select the correct
answer for each of the following questions.
Write your COMPLETE solution at the back
portion of the worksheet provided.
STRICTLY NO ERASURES ALLOWED.

Match Column a with Column B

2. Write the item based on the proper
level of difficulty for the students.

-demonstration of higher order

thinking skills
KCAASE.doc
3. Write the item in such a way that it
matches the specific behavior
described in the behavioral
objective.

samplelearningoutcomes.docx
4. Write the item making sure that the
task to be performed is clear.

- use simple language

- do not use tricky statements or
double negatives
- do not include more than one problem in
one item
** He discovered penicillin. In what
year?
- keep questions short and to the point
** What is the Roman numeral, a
system of writing numbers, for
2004?
- inform examinees of the nature of the
desired answer
The element of reliability that chooses the
estimate that has the least effect in the
income or equity.
a. materiality
b. conservatism
c. consistency
d. net loss
Which of the following is not part of current
assets?
a. office supplies
b. cash
c. staplers and punchers
d. chairs and tables for resale
It is the process of transferring tax
liabilities from one taxpayer to another
without violating any provisions of the tax
laws.
5. Write the item such that it does not
provide clues to the answers of
other items in the test.

6. Write the items in such a way that

there is only one correct or best
answer.
These are notions of students about their
teachers.
a. intimidating and strict
b. friendly and kind
c. happy and carefree
d. arrogant and notorious
7. Avoid textbook wording or
stereotyped phrases.
8. Arrange the options in logical order, if
one exists, otherwise, arrange the
options at random to avoid any
particular response pattern.

9. State items briefly, affirmatively,

unequivocally.

if negative words cannot be avoided,

it should be underlined or written in
a DISTINCT MANNER
10. Construct the test items making sure
that responses are brief.

11. Make the test items independent from

one another.
12. Do not use irrelevant clues that lead to
the correct answer.
Common Types of Clues:
a.Specific determiners such as all,
always, never, most, none
b. Grammatical inconsistencies that rule
out possible wrong answers like a or
an
c. Verbal associations and textbook language

13. Make the test cumulative. Have the

knowledge learned from previous tests apply to
all new tests.
12. Review items before testing.

1. Consider the item as a whole and whether

a. it measures knowledge or a skill component

which is worthwhile and appropriate for
the examinees who will be tested;

b. there is a markedly better way to test what

this item tests;

c. it is of the appropriate level of difficulty for

the examinees who will be tested.
2. Consider the stem and whether it

a. presents a clearly defined problem or

task to the examinee;
b. contains unnecessary information;
c. could be worded more simply, clearly
or concisely.
3. Consider the alternatives and
whether

a. they are parallel in structure;

b. they fit logically and grammatically
with the stem;
c. they could be worded more simply,
clearly or concisely;
d. any are so inclusive that they logically
eliminate another more restricted
option from being a possible
answer.
4. Consider the key and whether it

a. is the best answer among the set of

options for the item;
b. actually answers the question posed in
the stem;
c. is too obvious relative to the other
alternatives (i.e., should be
shortened, lengthened, given
greater numbers of details, made
less concrete).
5. Consider the distractors and whether

a. there is any way you could justify one or

more as an acceptable correct answer;
b. they are plausible enough to be attractive to
examinees who are misinformed or
ill-prepared;
c. any one calls attention to the key (e.g., no
distractor should merely state the
reverse of the key or resemble the key
very closely unless another pair of
choices is similarly parallel or involves
opposites).
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE

- offer the most flexibility to the teacher

- a great way to test a student’s comprehension
level of a particular subject matter
VARIETIES:

1. The Correct Answer variety

This refers to the domain name of

educational institutions.
a. .gov b. .org c. .edu d. .net
Which of the following is a current asset?

a. Cash surrender value of a life insurance

policy of which the company is the
benificiary.
b. Investment in equity securities for the
purpose of controlling the issuing company.
c. Cash designated for the purchase of
tangible fixed assets.
d. Trade installment receivables normally
collectible in 18 months.
Its purpose is to provide financial information
for a wide range of users as basis for decision-
making.

a. Income statement
b. Balance sheet
c. Bookkeeping
d. Accounting
B. The Best Answer variety

A North American investment society held a panel

discussion on the topics of capital costs and capital
budgeting. Which of the following comments made
during this discussion is the least accurate?

A) A project’s internal rate of return decreases when

a breakpoint is reached.
B) An increase in the after-tax cost of debt may occur
at a break point.
C) Any given project’s NPV will decline when a
breakdown is reached.
C. The Multiple Response Variety

Which of the following statements are false

concerning line and staff functions?

I. Persons occupying staff functions have

authority over persons occupying line functions
II. Both line and staff functions are depicted on
the organization chart
III.Line functions are directly related to the basic
objectives of an organization

A. Only 1 C. Only 1 and II

B. B. Only II D. I, II and III
D. The incomplete statement variety.

Warranty against hidden defects is

a. An essential element
b. A natural element
c. An accidental element
d. An artificial element
Equity or debt securities held to finance future
construction of additional plants should be
classified on a balance sheet as

a. current assets.
b. property, plant, and equipment.
c. intangible assets.
d. long-term investments
The salary paid to the president of King
Company would be classified on the income
statements as a (n):

a. administrative expense.
b. direct labor cost
c. manufacturing overhead cost.
d. selling expense.
Direct material cost is a:

Conversion cost Prime cost

A) No No
B) No Yes
C) Yes Yes
D) Yes No
The South Pole is the (cold, colder, coldest)
region of the earth.
E. The Negative variety

The HTML tag NOT needed in the

frame definition file is ___.

a. HTML c. HEAD
b. TITLE d. BODY
You can find expert systems in the following
domains, EXCEPT:

a. Production c. Personal
b. Process Control d. Spatial
F. The Substitution variety

Kung wala kang sinuway na batas, wala

kang dapat ikatakot.

a. nilapastangan c. Nilabag
b. niyurak
G. The Combined Response variety

From the left, in what order do

these letters in the keyboard
appear?

A. Z B. V c. X d. C

a. ADCB c. DCBA
B. ACDB d. BDAC
H. Identifying error variety.

A robot is a mechanical device equipped

a
with natural human senses and the
b
capability of taking action on its own.
c
GUIDELINES:

1. Construct stems which require a

specific answer rather than an opinion.
Why should we control the erosion of
topsoil?
a. Topsoil makes the land surface uneven
b. Topsoil makes the land beautiful
c. Topsoil contains nutrients needed by
plants
d. Topsoil prevents changes on the land
2. Try to present only one stem.

It is a client software for viewing

World Wide Web pages. It is also a
tool for travelling the internet.
a. Web browser
b. Webpage
c. Website
d. Homepage
3. The stem should have only one meaning (and
should have a meaning) and should be brief and
direct to the point.

Methods of problem-solving are

developed as problem-solving
strategies by the individuals in the
group who are responsible for the
completion of the work.
a. Robustness c. Decentralization
b. Flexibility d. Self-organization
4. Do not include irrelevant information in
the stem.

What is the Roman numeral, a system

of writing numbers, for 2004?
a. MMIV
b. MCII
c. XCIV
d. CCCV
My savings in the bank earn an interest of 7%
per annum as a matter of bank policy. My
account balance is P2,600 at the start of
the year which is January 1. what will be my
balance at the end of the year which is
December 31?
a. P2, 782.00
b. P2, 682.00
c. P2, 872.00
d. P2, 972.00
5. Avoid grammatical clues.

When an enzyme requires an inorganic

substance such as zinc for activity,
this substance is termed as an
a. activator c. coenzyme
b. facilitator d. regulator
6. The response should come at the middle or
end of the stem.

The term KB refers to ___.

a. kilobits
b. kilobytes
c. either kilobits or kilobytes
d. neither kilobits or kilobytes
The ___ attribute indicates the form of the
clickable area that is used for any URL.
a. Shape b. coords c. size d. Href

___ can add action, excitement, and

interactivity to your Web pages.
a. Audio
b. Dynamically Generated Content
c. Email
d. Graphics
8. The options should be of the same length
and complexity.

Which of these statements describes an

igneous rock?
a. it is formed from magma that
cooled below the earth’s surface.
b. it is usually formed in layers
c. it contains remains of plants and
animals
d. it is formed from sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks
9. Distractors must be plausible.

The name of the company that uses

GIS map and GPS information to haul
away potentially anthrax-tainted debris
from offices of the NCB during the
anthrax scare of 2001.
a. Pearl Harbor c. Clear Harbor
b. Patriarch Harbor d. Clean Harbor
Guidelines for writing good distractors

1. Base distractors on the most frequent errors made

during class discussions or on assignments
related to the concept.
b. Use words in the options that are associated with
words in the stem.
c. Use concepts from the instructional material that
have similar vocabulary or were used in the
same context as the correct answer.
d. Use distractors that are similar in content or form
to the correct answer
e. Make the distractors similar to the correct
response in terms of complexity, sentence
structure, and length.
10.All of the alternatives should be
grammatically consistent with the
stem of the item.

A map can be used

a. for measuring distances
b. to determine time
c. it shows the four directions
d. it is used by tourists to locate places
11. The highly recommended structure in
arranging options or alternatives is by
LISTING. However, tandem and semi-
tandem can also be used.

Listing: Tandem
A A B C D
B Semi-tandem
C A C
D B D
12. A question must be contained in the
stem.

The cost of the preferred stock is equal to

the preferred stock dividend:

A) divided by its par value

B) divided by the market price
C) multiplied by the market price
Revenue accounts
a. Increase liabilities
b. Decrease assets
c. Decrease capital
d. Increase capital
Assets

a. Are resources owned by the business

b. Tangible properties used in the business
c. Intangible rights used in the business
d. Economic obligations
12. The correct answer should be found at
different positions among the
alternatives.

13. The responses should not contain

textbook jargon.

14. There should be consistency in writing

the stem and responses.

15. Minimize the use of all of the above or

none of the above answers.
B. TRUE-FALSE ITEMS

- best used when testing a student’s

recall ability of specific facts or
knowledge.
1. Avoid statements that are partly true
and partly false.

Light and heat can easily decompose

vitamins.
The appearance of text changes when it
becomes an anchor.
The STYLE tag enables you to establish a
broader impact.
2. Avoid vague terms and absolute
modifiers/specific determiners.

Power conversion is always voltage and

current conversion.
 All Filipinos are Asians.
 Hand washing is the single most important
way of preventing disease.
Disease, illness and ill health are not
randomly distributed in a population.
The young population are also important in
the community.
An image can be used to link to multiple URLs
within a single image on a Web page.

A mailto link will only work if there is default

e-mail application.
3. The truth or falseness of a statement
should depend upon the main idea, not
upon a minor element of the
statement.

Seventy percent illegal immigrants

deported means that for every 100 illegal
immigrants, such as the case of Filipinos in
Canada, 70 of them were deported.
4. Keep the true and false statements
approximately equal in length and number
to reduce guessing.

5. Correct responses should not follow

a certain pattern.
C. FILL-IN THE BLANK ITEMS

- Requires the student to know the correct answer

rather than guess from a list of possible answers

Word the item so that the required

answer is both brief and definite.

An animal that eats the flesh of other

animals is ____.
2. Do not take statements directly
from textbooks to use as a basis for
short-answer items.

Civilian authority is, at all times,

supreme over the ___.
3. The blank should be at the middle or
end of the question.

To indicate whether scroll bars will

display, use the ___ attribute.

The file extension of Joint

photographic experts group is ____.

____ defines a given frame.

3. Where completion items are used,
do not use too many blanks.
_____ animals that are born ___ and
___ their young are called ___.
4. Questions should recall important
information taught within the lesson
plans.
D. MATCHING TYPE

1. There should be two columns, written

side by side. The stimulus column or
question columns should be written to
the left side and the response column
to the right.
2. Directions should be clear in stating
what items in the response column should
be matched with the stimulus column and
vice versa and what symbols of the
response items should be written before
the stimulus items to which they
correspond.
3. There should be more response items to
reduce the possibility of guessing correct
answers. Another way to decrease the
possibility of guessing is to allow responses
to be used more than once. Directions to the
students should be very clear about the use
of responses.
3. The response column should contain
more items than the stimulus column so
that the pairing of items may not be done
by the process of elimination.

4. Only items with the same relationship

should be included in a single matching
series.
Match the keyboard character in Column A to its
description in Column B. USE CAPITAL LETTERS. (15
points)
Column A Column B
___1. - A. Ampersand
___2. \ B. At Sign
___3. ^ C. Backslash
___4. {} D. Caret
___5. | E. Colon
___6. / F. Double Quote
___7. & G. Ellipsis
___8. ~ H. Em-dash
___9. _ I. In-dash
___10. [] J. Open & Close Braces
___11. ; K. Open & Close Brackets
___12. : L. Pipe
___13. “ M. Semi-colon
___14. @ N. Single Quote
___15. ‘ O. Slash
P. Tilde
Match Column A with Column B, then with Column C, and finally Column D

Column A Column B
1. Red (glass) A. Thrombin
2. Pink B. Clot activator
3. Grey C. KEDTA
4. Yellow D. Spray dried KEDTA
5. Tan (glass) E. Sodium polyanetholesulfonate
6. Yellow/Gray and Orange F. Sodium Citrate
7. Tan Plastic G. Lithiumiodoacetate
8. Green H. Lithium heparin
9. Light Blue I. Sodium heparin
10. Red (Plastic) J. None

Column C Column D
i. Plasma a. accelerates clot formation
ii. Serum b. Chelates calcium
c. Inhibits trombin formation
d. Inhibits glycolysyis
e. Inhibits complements and phagocytes
f. Allows blood clotting
5. Order of items is not an important
consideration but if the items in one
column should be arranged in some
order, the items in the other column
should be arranged randomly.

6. All of the responses and premises for a

matching item should appear on the same
page.
IV. ARRANGING ITEMS

1. The items should be arranged in

order of increasing difficulty.

2. For some purposes, it may be

desirable to group together items
which measure the same learning
outcomes or the same subject-matter
content.
E. ESSAY TEST

When to use essay tests

1. The group to be tested is small, and the test

items will not be reused with another group.

2. The instructor wants to encourage the

development of student's skill in written
expression.
3. The instructor is more interested in
exploring student attitudes than in measuring
achievements

4. The instructor is more confident of his or

her proficiency as a critical reader than as
an
imaginative writer of good objective test
items.

5. Time available for test preparation is

shorter than time available for test scoring.
Guidelines

1. Define the objectives to be covered by

the examination and relate the question
to the objectives.

2. Ask questions that are determinate, in the

sense that experts (colleagues in the field)
could agree that one answer is better than
another.
3. Use enough items to sample the relevant
content domain adequately, but not so many
that students do not have sufficient time to
plan, develop, and review their responses.

4. Test the question by writing an ideal answer

to it.
5. Formulate a well-focused question.

describe – the task is to give the important

characteristics of an object, phenomenon or process
discuss – to go beyond description into full
elaboration, with tracing of development, arguments
for or against, and relationships to other facts or
ideas depending upon what has been learned
define – to place something in a category and
distinguish it from everything else
explain – responses here places emphasis upon cause
and effect relationship
6. The question should call for an answer
written in paragraph form.

What are the 5 most common air pollutants,

their sources, and the method/s to
prevent these air pollutants from
reaching the air around us? (Table form)

*List down the 5 most common air

pollutants. Discuss the sources of each
and the methods for preventing them.
6. Consider time factor and suggest a time
limit for each question.

Write everything you know about noise pollution

and its control.

7. Specify the maximum number of points to

be awarded for the questions.

8. Have all students take the same test.