Chap 4.1
Chap 4.1
Circuit Analysis I
CHAPTER 4.1
USEFUL CIRCUIT
THEOREMS
Topic & Structure of the lesson
Thevenin’s theorem
Source transformation theorem
Norton’s theorem
Maximum power transfer theorem
Superposition theorem
Introduction
A large Simplify
complex circuits circuit analysis
Circuit Theorems
Coupled networks.
Network •A
1 •B
Network 1, open-circuited.
From PreAmp
(voltage ) To speakers
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT!
Thevenin’s Theorem
Network •A
1 •B
Now place a voltmeter across terminals A-B and
read the voltage. We call this the open-circuit voltage.
-
• To deactivate a current source, we remove
the source.
Current No current
Source IN
=> Open
Thevenin’s Theorem
Consider the following circuit.
I2
V3
_+ A
R1 R3
R2
R4
_+ V1 _ I1
V2 +
B
A
R1 R3
R2 R4
A
RTH
+
_ VTH
B
Figure 5: The Thevenin equivalent structure.
Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 1
Find VX by first finding VTH and RTH to the left of A-B.
12 4 A
+
30 V +
_ 6 2 VX
_
B
30 V +
_ 6
B
(30)(6)
VAB 10V
6 12
B
RTH = 12||6 + 4 = 8
Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 1
After having found the Thevenin circuit, we connect this
to the load in order to find VX.
RTH A
8 +
(10)( 2)
VTH + 10 V 2 VX VX 2V
_
28
_
B
Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 2
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit shown in Figure below, to the left of
the terminals a-b. Then find the current through RL=6, 16, and 36Ω
Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 2
Step 1: Short Circuit Voltage source and open circuit current source, then
looking for Rth
Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 2
Step 2: Apply Mesh analysis to find Vth
Loop 1
Loop 2
Rth=8/7kΩ
VTH 8.571V
Thevenin’s Theorem
Is that The ALL ?????
WARNING: Complications with dependent sources!
CIRCUITS WITH
CIRCUITS WITH BOTH
ONLY INDEPENDENT CIRCUITS WITH ONLY
DEPENDENT &
SOURCES DEPENDENT SOURCES
INDEPENDENT SOURCES
Thevenin’s Theorem
Circuits with Only DEPENDENT SOURCES
Any value can be assumed for v0 and i0. (usually assume v0=1V and i0=1A)
Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 1
FIND THE THEVENIN EQUIVALENT
Vo Vo 2VX VX
IP
2k 1k 1k
Vo 14 15Vo
RTH k IP
14k
I P 15
Using voltage v0 assumption. Must compute
current supplied
Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 2
Find the Thevenin Equivalent circuit at A - B
2(V2 V1 ) 3V2 6 30 10
V2 B
21 7 Thevenin equivalent
5V1 2V2 0
V2
RTH (10 / 7)k
1mA
Thevenin’s Theorem
Circuits with both Dependent and Independent Sources
LINEAR CIRCUIT i a
May contain
independent and
dependent sources vO We will compute open circuit voltage
with their controlling and
variables _ b
PART A to probe it with an external source to compute the Thevenin
equivalent resistance
RTH
a Any and all the techniques discussed should be readily
available; e.g.,
+
- VTH KCL, KVL, combination series/parallel, node, loop analysis,
source superposition, source transformation, homogeneity
b
VTH VOC
VO
RTH
Io
Thevenin’s Theorem - Example 1
Mixed sources. Must compute Voc, Vo & Io
Open circuit voltage
VX V1 Io
RTH
+
Apply KCL:
I o I x I x 2I x 0 Vx 1 / 7V
RTH 7k
V Vx
Io o I o 1 / 7mA a
6k
Vo 1V VTH
RTH 7 k 12V
I o (1 / 7)mA b
Thevenin’s Theorem – Exercise 1
Use Thevenin to determine Vo
Guidelines to partition:
vs is R
vs
is
R
SOURCE TRANSFORMATİON
Note:
1. The arrow of the current source is directed toward the positive terminal of
the voltage source.
2. Source transformation is not possible when R=0 (ideal voltage source) and
R=∞ (ideal current source)
Source Transformation
Example
Use source transformation to find vo in the circuit given.
Solution:
1. Transform the current and voltage sources.
EXAMPLE: SOLVE BY SOURCE TRANSFORMATION In between the terminals we connect a current
source and a resistance in parallel
The equivalent current source will have the
value 12V/3k
The 3k and the 6k resistors now are in parallel
and can be combined
vx =7.5V
Source Transformation
Exercise 2
Find io in the circuit shown below using source transformation.
io = 1.78A
TO BE CONTINUE….
Q & A???