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Chap 4.1

This document discusses several circuit analysis theorems including: - Thevenin's theorem which states a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by a voltage source in series with a resistor. - Norton's theorem which is similar but replaces the circuit with a current source in parallel with a resistor. - Other theorems covered include superposition, source transformation, and maximum power transfer. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying Thevenin's theorem to simplify circuit analysis by replacing a complex network with an equivalent circuit. Special considerations are discussed for circuits with dependent sources.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
69 views38 pages

Chap 4.1

This document discusses several circuit analysis theorems including: - Thevenin's theorem which states a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by a voltage source in series with a resistor. - Norton's theorem which is similar but replaces the circuit with a current source in parallel with a resistor. - Other theorems covered include superposition, source transformation, and maximum power transfer. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying Thevenin's theorem to simplify circuit analysis by replacing a complex network with an equivalent circuit. Special considerations are discussed for circuits with dependent sources.

Uploaded by

Ben Louie Yap
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEEB113

Circuit Analysis I
CHAPTER 4.1
USEFUL CIRCUIT
THEOREMS
Topic & Structure of the lesson
 Thevenin’s theorem
 Source transformation theorem
 Norton’s theorem
 Maximum power transfer theorem
 Superposition theorem
Introduction

 A major disadvantage of using Kirchhoff’s laws is


tedious computation for a large and complex
circuit.
 To handle the complexity, some theorems, such
as Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems, are
developed to simplify circuit analysis.
 These theorems are applicable to linear circuits.
Introduction

A large Simplify
complex circuits circuit analysis

Circuit Theorems

‧Thevenin’s theorem ‧ Norton theorem


‧Circuit linearity ‧ Superposition
‧source transformation ‧ max. power transfer
THEVENIN’S AND NORTON’S
THEOREMS

• These are some of the most powerful analysis


results to be discussed.
• They permit to hide information that is not
relevant and concentrate in what is important
to the analysis
Thevenin’s Theorem
• Usage: to avoid analyzing entire circuit for every
changes in variable element .
• Provides a technique by which the fixed part of the
circuit is replaced by an equivalent circuit.
Thevenin’s theorem states that a linear two – terminal
circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting
of a voltage source VTH in series with a resistor RTH, VTH
is the open circuit voltage at the terminals and RTH is the
input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the
independent sources are turned off.
Thevenin’s Theorem
Consider the following:

LINEAR CIRCUIT i a LINEAR CIRCUIT


May contain  May contain
independent and independent and
dependent sources vO dependent sources
with their controlling with their controlling
variables _ b variables
PART A PART B

Coupled networks.

For purposes of discussion, at this point, we consider


that both networks are composed of resistors and
independent voltage and current sources
Thevenin’s Theorem
Suppose Network 2 is detached from Network 1 and
we focus temporarily only on Network 1.

Network •A
1 •B
Network 1, open-circuited.

Network 1 can be as complicated in structure as one


can imagine. Maybe 45 meshes, 387 resistors, 91
voltage sources and 39 current sources.
Low distortion audio power amplifier TO MATCH SPEAKERS AND
AMPLIFIER ONE SHOULD ANALYZE
THIS CIRCUIT

From PreAmp
(voltage ) To speakers

Courtesy of M.J. Renardson


RTH
http://angelfire.com/ab3/mjramp/index.html REPLACE AMPLIFIER
BY SIMPLER
TO MATCH SPEAKERS AND AMPLIFIER “EQUIVALENT”
VTH +
IT IS MUCH EASIER TO CONSIDER THIS -

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT!
Thevenin’s Theorem
Network •A
1 •B
Now place a voltmeter across terminals A-B and
read the voltage. We call this the open-circuit voltage.

No matter how complicated Network 1 is, we read one


voltage. It is either positive at A, (with respect to B)
or negative at A.

We call this voltage Vos and we also call it VTHEVENIN = VTH


Thevenin’s Theorem
• We now deactivate all sources of Network 1.

• To deactivate a voltage source, we remove


the source and replace it with a short circuit.
No voltage
Voltage +
Vs
Source - => Short

-
• To deactivate a current source, we remove
the source.
Current No current
Source IN
=> Open
Thevenin’s Theorem
Consider the following circuit.
I2
V3
_+ A
R1 R3
R2
R4
_+ V1 _ I1
V2 +
B

How do we deactivate the sources of this circuit?


Thevenin’s Theorem
When the sources are deactivated the circuit appears
as in Figure below.

A
R1 R3
R2 R4

Now place an ohmmeter across A-B and read the resistance.


If R1= R2 = R4= 20  and R3=10  then the meter reads 10 .
Thevenin’s Theorem
We call the ohmmeter reading, under these conditions,
RTHEVENIN and shorten this to RTH. Therefore, the
important results are that we can replace Network 1
with the following network.

A

RTH
+
_ VTH

B

Figure 5: The Thevenin equivalent structure.
Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 1
Find VX by first finding VTH and RTH to the left of A-B.
12  4 A

+

30 V +
_ 6 2 VX
_

B

First remove everything to the right of A-B.


Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 1
12  4 A

30 V +
_ 6


B

(30)(6)
VAB   10V
6  12

Notice that there is no current flowing in the 4  resistor


(A-B) is open. Thus there can be no voltage across the
resistor.
Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 1
We now deactivate the sources to the left of A-B and find
the resistance seen looking in these terminals.
12  4 A

RTH
6


B

RTH = 12||6 + 4 = 8 
Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 1
After having found the Thevenin circuit, we connect this
to the load in order to find VX.
RTH A

8 +
(10)( 2)
VTH + 10 V 2 VX VX   2V
_
28
_
B

Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 2
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit shown in Figure below, to the left of
the terminals a-b. Then find the current through RL=6, 16, and 36Ω
Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 2
Step 1: Short Circuit Voltage source and open circuit current source, then
looking for Rth
Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 2
Step 2: Apply Mesh analysis to find Vth

Loop 1

Loop 2

Solving the equation:


Thevenin’s Theorem
Exercise

Rth=8/7kΩ

VTH  8.571V
Thevenin’s Theorem
Is that The ALL ?????
WARNING: Complications with dependent sources!

CIRCUITS WITH
CIRCUITS WITH BOTH
ONLY INDEPENDENT CIRCUITS WITH ONLY
DEPENDENT &
SOURCES DEPENDENT SOURCES
INDEPENDENT SOURCES
Thevenin’s Theorem
Circuits with Only DEPENDENT SOURCES

A circuit with only dependent sources cannot self start.

FOR ANY PROPERLY DESIGNED CICUIT WITH ONLY DEPENDENT


SOURCES VOC  0, I SC  0
 aI x  ( R1  R2 ) I X  0
Thus we need a special approach for the
 a  R1  R2 I x  0 computation of the Thevenin equivalent resistance
 a  R1  R2  0  I x  0

Since the circuit cannot self start we need to probe it


with an external source
The source can be either a voltage source or a
VTH  0 current source and its value can be chosen arbitrarily!
Which one to choose is often determined by the
simplicity of the resulting circuit

Any value can be assumed for v0 and i0. (usually assume v0=1V and i0=1A)
Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 1
FIND THE THEVENIN EQUIVALENT

Make assumption for v0 or i0?


Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 1
If we use voltage v0 =1V
V1 V1  2VX V1  Vo
KCL @ V1 :   0
1k 2k 1k
V1 Vo
Constrain equation: VX  Vo  V1
IP
SOLVING THE EQUATIONS
4 3
V1  Vo , VX  Vo
7 7

Vo Vo  2VX VX
IP   
2k 1k 1k
Vo 14 15Vo
RTH   k IP 
14k
I P 15
Using voltage v0 assumption. Must compute
current supplied
Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 2
Find the Thevenin Equivalent circuit at A - B

Only dependent sources. Hence Vth = 0 We choose to apply a current Io


To compute the equivalent resistance we
must apply an external source. RTH 
Vo
Io

Vo
 Io

“Conventional” circuit with dependent


sources - use node analysis
Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 2
KCL at node V1:
Constraint Equation:

3(V1  2V1 )  6V1  2(V1  V2 )  0


 2V1  5V2  6

KCL at node V2: RTH


A

2(V2  V1 )  3V2  6 30 10
V2   B
21 7 Thevenin equivalent
5V1  2V2  0
V2
RTH   (10 / 7)k
1mA
Thevenin’s Theorem
Circuits with both Dependent and Independent Sources
LINEAR CIRCUIT i a
May contain 
independent and
dependent sources vO We will compute open circuit voltage
with their controlling and
variables _ b
PART A to probe it with an external source to compute the Thevenin
equivalent resistance

RTH
a Any and all the techniques discussed should be readily
available; e.g.,
+
- VTH KCL, KVL, combination series/parallel, node, loop analysis,
source superposition, source transformation, homogeneity
b
VTH  VOC
VO
RTH 
Io
Thevenin’s Theorem - Example 1
Mixed sources. Must compute Voc, Vo & Io
Open circuit voltage

KCL at super node I X  I X  2I X  0


VTH  12 V
Vx  12  V1

VX V1 Io

RTH 
+

First, all of the independents source need to turn off. IX V-TH 1V


Then , the external source is probe.

We need to find the current across the voltage source

Apply KCL:
I o  I x  I x  2I x  0 Vx  1 / 7V
RTH  7k
V  Vx
Io  o I o  1 / 7mA a
6k

Vo 1V VTH

RTH    7 k 12V
I o (1 / 7)mA b
Thevenin’s Theorem – Exercise 1
Use Thevenin to determine Vo

Guidelines to partition:

“Part A” should be as simple as possible.

After “Part A” is replaced by the Thevenin


equivalent we should have a very simple circuit

The dependent sources and their controlling


variables must remain together
Source Transformation
Source transformation is another tool for simplifying circuits (like
series-parallel and wye – delta ).

A source transformation is the process of replacing a voltage source


vs in series with a resistor R by a current source is in parallel with a
resistor R, or vice verse.

• Basic to these tools is the concept of equivalence.

vs  is R
vs
is 
R
SOURCE TRANSFORMATİON

(a) Independent source transform (b) Dependent source transform

Note:
1. The arrow of the current source is directed toward the positive terminal of
the voltage source.
2. Source transformation is not possible when R=0 (ideal voltage source) and
R=∞ (ideal current source)
Source Transformation
Example
Use source transformation to find vo in the circuit given.

Solution:
1. Transform the current and voltage sources.
EXAMPLE: SOLVE BY SOURCE TRANSFORMATION In between the terminals we connect a current
source and a resistance in parallel
The equivalent current source will have the
value 12V/3k
The 3k and the 6k resistors now are in parallel
and can be combined

In between the terminals we connect a voltage


source in series with the resistor

The equivalent source has value 4mA*2k

The 2k and the 2k resistor become connected


in series and can be combined

After the transformation the sources can be combined


The equivalent current source has value 8V/4k
and the combined current source has value 4mA

Options at this point

1. Do another source transformation and get


a single loop circuit

2. Use current divider to compute I0 and then


compute V0 using Ohm’s law
Source Transformation
Exercise 1
Find vx using source transformation.

vx =7.5V
Source Transformation
Exercise 2
Find io in the circuit shown below using source transformation.

io = 1.78A
TO BE CONTINUE….
Q & A???

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