The

Neolithic Revolution
 The archaeologist V. Gordon
Childe coined the term
“Neolithic Revolution” in 1923
 Neolithic Revolution
• also called “Agricultural Revolution”
•describes the origin and the impact of food
production-plant cultivation and animal
domestication.
•”Neolithic” which means “New Stone Age“
was coined to refer to techniques of grinding
and polishing stone tools.
•refers to the first cultural period in a given
region in which the first signs of
domestication are present.
 Neolithic Stone Tools
•Neolithic period began when humans first
settled down and began farming.
•They continued to make tools and weapons
from flint and some kinds of tool.

Leaf-shaped knife
 The Neolithic
Revolution in Different
Parts of the World
 Middle East
First people settle down in
permanent communities and
afterwards they developed food
production. once people had
developed a village farming
system based on both
domesticated plants and animals.
 Africa
The wide-scale transitions of many human
cultures during the Neolithic period from a
lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of
agriculture and settlement, making an
increasingly larger population.
 Europe
Neolithic Europe is the period when
Neolithic technology was presented in
Europe, roughly between 7000 B.C.E.
 Asia

China was one of the first world

areas to develop farming, based
on millet rice. Millet is a tall,
coarse cereal grass still grown in
Northern China. This grain today
feeds a third of the world’s
population.
 Discoveries by Chinese achaeologist
suggest that rice was domesticated in
Yangtze River, corridor of Southern China.
China seems to have been the scene of
two independent transitions to food
production, based on different crops grown
in strikingly different climates. Southern
China farming was rice aquaculture in rich
subtropical wetlands. Northern China, in
contrast had harsh winters, within
unreliable rainfall during growing season.
 Fertile Crescent, a Cradle
of Civilization
The Fertile Crescent is the region in the Middle
East which curves, like a quarter-moon shape,
from the Persian Gulf, through modern-day
Southern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel,
and Northern Egypt. It contains a comparatively
moist and fertile land. The region is often called
the cradle of civilization which saw the
development of some of the earliest human
civilizations.
Early Civilization and
the Rise of the State
The Emergence of Civilization
•Kottak (2009) states that most ancient
civilizations have been studied by
archaeologist rather than historians
because those civilizations evolved before
the advent of writing.

•The earliest Neolithic societies were

egalitarian—people did not differ much in
wealth, prestige, or power. Egal in French
meaning “equal”
•Some archaeologist think that states first
evolved around 3,500 B.C. in greater
Mesopotamia, the area shared by
Southern Iraq.
•Achaeologists do not always agree on
how a state should be defined, but most
think that hierarchial and centralized
decision making affecting a substantial
population is the key criterion.
 THE CRADLES OF
CIVILIZATION
•Is a term that refers to civilization that
emerged independently.
•Rivers provided enough water for large-
scale agriculture, enabling people to
abandon a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to
grow and store surplus food.
•This, in turn, permitted the development
of a hierarchical society with a division of
labor, and led to the growth of cities.
1. Tigris-Euphrates River
Civilization of Mesopotamia
• The most ancient known civilization was in
Mesopotamia, a region which lies primarily
in modern Iraq.
• Mesopotamia, Greek for “between the
rivers”, is sometimes called the Fertile
Crescent because it is a crescent-shaped
area between the Tigris and Euphrates
river. The region's first known cities were
Eridu, Uruk, ang Ur.
2. The Nile Valley Civilization of
Egypt
• Egypt was known as the Gift of the Nile
because the annual flooding of the Nile
River made possible the agriculture on
which the Egypt's civilization was based in
3118 B.C.
• Pharaoh Narmer was believed to have
united Upper(southern) and
Lower(northern) Egypt from this time on
ancient Egypt was generally characterised
by a highly unified culture and strong
central government.
• The civilization of ancient Egypt is known
for its architectural achievements,
especially the famous pyramids for its
hieroglyphic system of writing and for its
elaborate religion which emphasized life
after death and led to the development of
mummification.
3. The Yellow River Civilization
of China
• By 3000 B.C. the Yellow River Valley was
settled by farmers.
• Chinese legend holds that the Xia Dynasty
arose and flourished during the prehistoric
period.
• The first documented Chinese dynasty, the
Shang, arose somewhere aeround 1500-
1700 B.C.
• As with the Mesopotamian civilization,
Chinese culture and civilization underwent
many political and cultural changes, but
continues to develop and exist until the
present day.
4. Indus Valley of India
• The ancient civilization of the Indus Valley,
located in modern Pakistan, is unique
because unlike the continuously existing
civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt and
China it rose and then fell, leaving only
mysterious ruins to testify to its existence.
• Discovered only in the 1920s, the ruins of
this civilization at such sites as Harappa,
Dholavira, Mohenjo Daro reveal that it was
probably the largest of the four ancient
civilization.
• Historians believed many of its ruins
remain to be excavated.
• This civilization seems to have flourished
between approximately 2600-1700 B.C.; in
addition to its impressive urban
architecture it left a pictographic script of
some kind, which, however, has yet to be
deciphered.
 Features of Civilization
Perry (1983) states that the historians use
the term civilization to distinguish between
pre-historic societies and the considerably
more advanced societies thet developed
later.

The civilization features the following:

1. Cities
Civilized societies were urban societies, for
civilization developed in cities. Cities were
larger and more complex than villages. They
had palaces, temples, markets, workshops
and homes. Before cities could emerged,
there had to be a food surplus produced by
the villages. City dwellers grew little if no
food. They depended upon nearby villages
for their food supply.
2. Writing
Written language enabled people to
preserve, organized and expand their
knowledge. it made easier for government
officials, priests, and merchants to carry out
their duties.
3. Specialization
People in civilized societies were specialist-
artisan, merchants, priests, recond-keepers,
government officials, farmers. In exchange
for the food they got from the villages, city
dwellers, supplied farmers with good
manufactured in the city. Specialization
encouraged trade, local and regional, and
trade encouraged the exchange of ideas.
4. Government
In civilized societies government became
more organized. There were rulers who
issued laws and officials to carry them out.
The government mobilized large numbers of
people to work on public building projects -
irrigation works, roads, palaces, temples,
bridges, and docks. It collected taxes to pay
for these projects and for the salaries of its
officials. The government drew up boundary
lines that defined the state's territory. It
formed an army to protect or expand its
borders.
5. Religion
Civilized societies had organized religions
with a powerful, trained, and wealthy
priesthood. From the priesthood, people
derived their values and attitudes toward life.
Religion gave the rulers their authority, for
they were thought to represent the will of the
Gods.
Rise of the Civilization
and State
1. The Sumerian Civilization
According to Perry (1983), in learning how to
use the river's water, the Sumerians
developed an important skills. They planned
canals and organized workers to build and
repair them. They drew up rules to prevent
one farmer from depriving others of water.
By learning to work together, the Sumerians
made the leap into civilization. The small
Sumerian villages gradually grew into twelve
city-states.
Each city-state included a city and the
country side around it. On clay-tablets they
carved wedge-shaped symbols called
cuneiform. Cuneiform writing made it
possible for the first time to keep records of
business deals, religious beliefs, laws and
wars.
2. Egyptian Civilization
The country of Egypt had existed for
thousands of years. Since ancient times it
has been called the Gift of the Nile - and for
good reason. Without this mighty river that
flows for more than 4,000 miles, all Egypt
would be a desert. Huge deserts to the east
and west of the Nile protected Egypt from
attack. Long periods of peace encouraged
trade and brought prosperity life in Egypt, as
in Mesopotamia, centered on religion.
The ruler of Egypt, the Pharaoh was looked
on both as a God and a King. As a God-king
Egypt's Pharaoh was all powerful. The
Egyptian state controlled economy, oversaw
construction projects, checked the irrigation
works, surveyed the land, kept records, and
supervised government warehouses. The
Egyptians expected to journey to an “Other
World” after they died. They saw death as a
continuation of life that's why their
embalmers are so skillful to preserve their
dead body.
3. The Greece City-States
The Greeks discovered a new way of
thinking about nature, society, and the
purpose of life. Gradually they removed the
Gods from the center of the stage and put
humans in their place. They came to value
the individual human being to trust in the
power of the human mind. The Greek
coastline provided excellent harbors. In
southern Greece located the city-state of
sparta.
Sparta conquered nearby regions and made
some of the inhabitants into state slaves. In
all of Greece, there were no brave fighters
than the Spartans. The citizen of Athens
governed themselves and did not want to be
ruled by all-powerful king. The word
democracy comes from the Greek word that
means rule by the people. What Pericles
said 2,400 years ago still holds true today
that “Future ages will wonder at us as the
present age wonders at us now.” The
Greeks produce greatest philosophers such
as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
4. Roman Republic
Roman began as a small town near the
coast of Central Italy. Early in their history,
the Romans were influenced by two peoples
who had settled in the Italian peninsula - the
Greeks and the Etruscans. From the Greek
colonist in Sicily and southern Italy, the
Romans adopted writing, military
techniques, and styles of literature, art, and
architecture. From the Etruscans to the
north and west, they learned practical skills
in sanitation, road building, architecture, and
Later, the Romans drove out their Etruscan
ruler and established a Republic, a
government without a king. The Roman
Republic was led by two consuls, nobles
who directed the daily affairs of the
government. The assembly included wealth
landowners called Patricians and common
people known as Plebians. The adviser
called the senate was the most powerful arm
of the government.
 Democratization
is a process by which democracy expands,
within a state or across the world.
Democratization draws on a long history.
The intellectual origins of a concept of
democracy stretch back to Athenian ideals
of city governance and Roman
republicanism. Democratization, then, might
be most readily understood as a concept
that encapsulates the expansion of a set of
related political ideals with different
intellectual vintages that gain public
prominents during the emergence of
capitalist modernity.
Relatedly, democratization is also a process
in which various social groups have made
claims on the state through protests, riots,
strikes, and lobbies. The discourse of
democracy has infused many struggles
against monarchial absolutism, working-
class struggles, and the suffragette
movement.
 Overview of Democracy
Shively (2005) states that democracy is a
state in which all fully qualified citizens vote
at regular intervals to choose, from among
alternative candidates, the people who will
be in charge of setting the state's policies.
Democracy comes from the Greek word
demokratia: demos meaning “people” and
kratia meaning “government”.
 Democracy is “government of the people”
therefore is also a sense that the full
population of citizen will be actively engaged
between elections in debate over alternative
policies and in the work of setting the
policies; how fully engaged their varies
across democracies, and whether they are
sufficiently engaged has long been a matter
of debate. A democratic government is
legitimized by the electoral process that
produced it. The Philippines is a very good
example of a democratic government from
our own experience.
 Modern Democracy
At the present time, the word democracy
has a rather magical connotation and a
somewhat tranquilizing effect. The Athenian
example of direct democracy was for many
years interpreted to mean unrestrained mob
rule, for a “true” democracy had to be a
system in which all citizens who so desired
met periodically to elect state official
throughout history because the classic
model of democracy was extremely difficult
to execute.
Although it may have been possible to have
everyone's direct participation in a small
town the citizens were well known to one
another and matters to be voted on were
comparatively simple, it is far different to
attempt direct democracy in a big nation. A
government needs to submit each issue
requiring a decision to so many voters who
would be too unwieldy to function efficiently
in a modern technological society. (Roskin
1991)
 Essential Ingredients of
Democracy
Roskins (1991) identifies the essential
ingredients of democracy as follows:
1.Popular Support of
Government
It is the crucial test of modern democratic
government, for in a democracy the
policymakers' legitimacy usually depends on
the support they receive in the form of a
majority or plurality of votes test. He or she
must be constitutionally elected by fellow
citizens. To prevent legitimacy from
becoming identified with only certain
individuals, democratic systems provide for
elections either at regular intervals or a
certain maximum time span.
3.Alternation in Power
The reins of power will occasionally
alternate both in terms of actual
officeholders and in terms of prevailing
ideas. The party that is in the majority then
becomes minority. The same as a politician
may become part of an administration, the
next term will belong to the opposition. As
much as possible no ruling party or a leader
of a democratic government stays in power
forever.
2.Political Competition
The people's rigth to reject unsatisfactory
officials at the polls is bolstered when a
choice of policies is offered on the ballot.
The lines between different political parties
usually vary and usually not very clean-cut.
In most elections there are discernible
differences in the philosophy and
approaches of political parties.
4.Popular Representation
The voters elect representatives to act as
legislators and, as such, to voice and protect
their general interest. Each legislator usually
acts for a given district or group of people.
The question of just how he or she should
act has concerned political theorists for
centuries. It is said that a system is not
democratic unless legislators treat election
as mandate to carry out constituents'
wishes.
5.Majority Rule
In any government decision involving
important policymaking, there is rarely
complete agreement. Usually one group of
citizens will favor an issue and another
group will be against it. If the government is
to be the instrument of the popular will, but
there is disagreement on issues then
majority should decide. In any controversy,
the policy that has the support of the
greatest number of citizen should generally
become the policy of government.