PENDAHULUAN
What is Sociology?
Sociology is the systematic study of social behavior and
human groups. It focuses primarily on the influence of
social relationships on people's attitudes and behavior and
how societies are established and change.
In attempt to understand social behavior, sociologists rely
on an unusual such thinking as sociological imagination.
Sociology emphasizes the influence that groups can have
on people's behavior and attitudes and ways in which
people shape societies
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What is Sociological Theory ?
Theories as attempts to explain events, materials, ideas
or behavior in a comprehensive manner. Within sociology,
a theory is a set of statement that seek to explain
problem. Actions or behavior.
Example : Suicide and social factors
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The Development of Sociology
• Auguste Comte
“How society might be improved”
• Harriet Martineau
“Social class distinctions and to such factors as gender
and race””
• Herbert Spencer
“Society as a big unit from sociology”
• Emile Durkhein
“Relationships between suicide and social factors”
• Max Weber
“Theory of Bureaucracy”
• Karl Marx
“Social class theory”
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Major Theoretical Perspectives
• Functionalist Perspectives
A sociological approach that emphasizes the way that parts of a
society are structured to maintain its stability
• Conflict Perspectives
A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is the
best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing
groups
• Interactionist Perspectives
A sociological approach that generalizes about fundamental or
everyday forms of social interaction
• Feminist Perspectives
A sociological approach that views inequality of gender as central
to all behaviour and organization
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INSTITUSI/LEMBAGA
MASYARAKAT
EKONOMI
KELUARGA
KEAGAMAAN
POLITIK
INSTITUSI = f(Keluarga, Institusi ekonomi, Institusi politik, Keagamaan, etc)
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INSTITUTIONALISATION
INSTITUTIONS (Helpman, 2004)
Systems of rules, beliefs and organisations
Rules -> coordinate behaviour and enable people to act efficiently with few
informational requirements ( Norms)
Beliefs -> are important for two reasons :
1. Even in institutions with formal structures people have to be motivated
to follow the rules
2. Some institutions have informal structures, and they can be sustained
only if people believe that actions will lead to well defined rewards or
punishments (values)
* People follow the rules and choose the expected actions because this is the best
they can do within the prevailing institutional structures (Behaviour)
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PERBANDINGAN ANTARA SOSIOLOGI DAN ILMU-ILMU LAINNYA
Perilaku Manusia / Ilmu-ilmu Alam
Masyarakat dalam
Konteks Sosial
Ilmu Politik
Antrapologi
Ilmu-ilmu
sosial lainnya
Ekonomi
Psikologi
Sejarah
Sosiologi
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What is Politics ?
The word "Politics" is derived from the Greek word for city-state,
"Polis". Corporate, religious, academic and every other polity,
especially those constrained by limited resources, contain dominance
hierarchy and therefore politics. Politics is most often studied in
relation to the administration of governments.
Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups.
Although the term is generally applied to behavior within
governments, politics is also observed in all human group
interactions, including corporate, academic, and religious
institutions.
Politics is “who gets what, when and how”
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Concept in politics
• State
• Power and authority
• Decision Making
• Public Policy
• Allocation, distribution, stabilization and regulation
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Concept in politics
State
Decision Making
Public Policy
Allocation, distribution, stabilization and regulation
Power and Authority
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C. ASAL MULA PERKEMBANGAN SOSIOLOGI DAN POLITIK
• Karl Marx (1818 – 1883)
“Social Class Theory”, “Das Kapital”
• Max Weber (1864 – 1920)
“The Protestant Ethnic and Spirit of Capitalism”
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Karl Marx (1818 – 1883)
“Social Class Theory”
Marx argued that men enter into social relationships
independently of their wills and that their beliefs and
behaviors are largely determined by the social conditions
in which they find themselves. The most important of
these conditions are those which are directly related to
economic production, and these relationships tend to
determine other aspects of social behavior and beliefs.
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Max Weber (1864 – 1920)
“The Protestant Ethnic and Spirit of Capitalism”
Max Weber identified three sources of legitimacy for
authority known as (tripartite classification of authority).
He proposed three reasons why people followed the
orders of those who gave them.
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Tripartite classification of
authority
• Traditional authorities receive loyalty because they continue and
support the preservation of existing values, the status quo.
Traditional authority has the longest history. Patriarchal (and more
rarely Matriarchal) societies gave rise to hereditary monarchies
where authority was given to descendants of previous leaders.
Followers submit to this authority because "we've always done it
that way." Examples of traditional authoritarians include kings and
queens.
• Charismatic authority grows out of the personal charm or the
strength of an individual personality (see cult of personality for the
most extreme version). Charismatic regimes are often short lived,
seldom outliving the charismatic figure that leads them. Examples
include Hitler, Napoleon, and Mao.
• Legal-Rational authorities receive their ability to compel behavior
by virtue of the office that they hold. It is the authority that
demands obedience to the office rather than the office holder.
Modern democracies are examples of legal-rational regimes.
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Concept of Political Sociology
1. Political Socialization
2. Political Participation
3. Political Recruiting
4. Political Communications
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A Definition of Economics
Economics is the science of choice — the science
that explains the choices that we make and how
those choices change as we cope with scarcity.
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Pengertian Sosiologi dan Politik dalam
Kerangka Analisis Ekonomi
“Proses dimana keterlibatan pemerintah atau negara
dengan kekuasaan dan otoritasnya dalam perekonomian
suatu masyarakat, serta mengenai segenap konsekuensi
ekonomi dari ukuran serta struktur tertentu dari sektor
publik tersebut. Fokus utama lebih ditekankan pada
berbagai perbedaan antara sektor publik (pemerintah)
dan sektor swasta (masyarakat) dan pasar serta segenap
implikasinya terhadap ekonomi dan politik”
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