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Autonomous Vehicle (Car)

The document discusses the history and development of autonomous vehicles. It describes early demonstrations in the late 1990s and work by Carnegie Mellon University. It then outlines commercial development spurred by DARPA challenges and Google's driverless car initiative. The technology behind autonomous vehicles is explained, including sensors like LIDAR, radar and cameras, as well as artificial intelligence software.

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Bhushan U
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110 views

Autonomous Vehicle (Car)

The document discusses the history and development of autonomous vehicles. It describes early demonstrations in the late 1990s and work by Carnegie Mellon University. It then outlines commercial development spurred by DARPA challenges and Google's driverless car initiative. The technology behind autonomous vehicles is explained, including sensors like LIDAR, radar and cameras, as well as artificial intelligence software.

Uploaded by

Bhushan U
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Autonomous

Vehicle (Car)
Levels of Automation
History of Autonomous Vehicles
• Visions of AVs and automated highways in the mid–
20th century remained largely in the eye of futurists
and science fiction enthusiasts.

• The advances made in the last 25 years can be


understood in terms of two successive waves of
developmental gains.
Fundamental Research
• One of the first major demonstrations of such a system
took place in 1997, over a 7.6-mile stretch of
California‘s I-15 highway near San Diego.

• Led by the California Partners for Advanced Transit


and Highways (PATH) program, the ―DEMO 97‖
program demonstrated the platooning of eight AVs

• Carnegie Mellon University‘s NavLab developed a


series of vehicles, named NavLab 1 through NavLab
11, from the mid-1980s to the early 2000s.
Fundamental Research
DEMO 97 II

Navlab is a series of
autonomous vehicles
developed by teams
from
The Robotics Institute at
the School of Computer
Science, Carnegie
Mellon University.
Commercial Development
• The DARPA Challenges solidified partnerships between
auto manufacturers and the education sector, and it
mobilized a number of endeavors in the automotive
sector to advance AVs.

• Google‘s Driverless Car initiative has brought


autonomous cars from the university laboratory into
commercial research.
Commercial Development
DARPA
Grand Challenge

Google’s
Self Driving car
What is an Autonomous Vehicles?
• Car/Vehicle that drives itself.

• Perceives the environment and moves where safe and


desirable

• “Robots”

• No human supervision required.

• Everyone in AV is a passenger, or it can travel with no


occupants at all.

• Goal: ubiquitous, safe and hacker proof.


Why Autonomous Vehicles?
• Travelling by car/Vehicle is currently one of the most
deadly forms of transportation, with over a million
deaths annually worldwide

• As nearly all car/Vehicle crashes (particularly fatal


ones) are caused by human driver error, driverless cars
would effectively eliminate nearly all hazards
associated with driving as well as driver fatalities and
injuries
AV’s
First Google AV (Prius)

Latest Google AV
AV’s

Mercedes AV
AV’s
Toyota AV

Apple’s Prototype
AV’s

Nissan

Conventional Nissan taxis above;

Nissan and NASA are collaborating to

develop a fleet of electric autonomous cabs.


AV’s

Dutch EZ-10 Autonomous Shuttle OF Ligier Group

2/9/15, “Netherlands First to Operate a Self-Driving


Shuttle in Public Traffic,”
AV’s

Delphi / Audi SQ5

Tesla Model S
AV’s

Tesla Model X
The Technology of the Car
The Technology of the Car
The Technology of the Car
• Anti-Lock Brakes

• Electronic Stability control

• Adaptive cruise control

• Lane-departure warning system

• Self parking

• Automated guided vehicle systems

• Lidar-Systems(with google cars) or

Cruise Automated Systems(Audi)

• Infrared cameras
Google’s AV
Block Diagram
Components
 Integrates Google Maps with various hardware sensors
and artificial intelligence software

 Hardware sensors  Logic processing unit


 RADAR  Google Street View
 LIDAR  Artificial intelligence
 GPS software

 Position estimator

 Video Cameras
RADAR
• The three RADAR sensors were fixed in front of the
bumper and one in the rear bumper.

• These will measures the distance to various obstacles


and allow the system to reduce the speed of car.

• MA COM SRS Radar Resistant to inclement weather


and harsh environmental conditions,

• 24 GHz ultra wide band (UWB) radar sensors provide


object detection and tracking.
RADAR
• Parking assistance can be provided by rear mounted
sensors with 1.8 m range
• The radar sensor on the car’s bumpers keeps a‘digital
eye’ on the car ahead
• The software is programmed to (at all times) maintain
a distance of 2-4 seconds (it could even be higher) vis-
a-vis the car ahead of it
• The car will automatically speed up or slow down
• To keep passengers and other motorists safe by
avoiding bumps and crashes
RADAR

Sensor in action

RADAR Sensor
LIDAR
• A spinning range-finding unit on top of the car is
called LIDAR

• It uses array of 64 laser beams

• 200 meter coverage and bandwidth 600-1000nm

• It creates a detailed map of the car’s surroundings as


it moves

• For imaging of objects it uses UV, near infrared or


visible lights
LIDAR
• The heart of Google’s self driving car is the rotating
roof top camera, Lidar, which is a laser range finder
• A detailed 3‐D map of the environment is generated
by the device VELODYNE
• Once the unit is mounted and wired, supplying power
to the sensor will cause it to start scanning and
producing data packets
• The quickest way to view the data collected as a live
image is to use the included Digital Sensor Recorder
(DSR) application
LIDAR
• Long range scanner has several lasers, each with a
scanning ring

• Compare radius of adjacent rings to identify height of


objects

• Use multiple short range LIDARs to cover blind spots

• Generate a point cloud based on LIDAR data

• Apply thresholds to this data to eliminate overhanging


and low objects
LIDAR
Components of a
LIDAR

Airborne LIDAR

LIDAR in action
GPS
• GPS keeps the car on its intended route with an
accuracy of 30 centimeters.
• With GPS covering the macro location of car, smaller
on-deck cameras can recognize details like red lights,
stop signs etc.
o Speed Limits.
o Upcoming intersections.
o Traffic Report.
o Nearby collisions.
o Directions.
GPS

Automotive Navigation
systems
Position estimator
• Sensor mounted on the left rear wheel.

• By these sensor only measures small movements made


by the car and helps to accurately locate its position
on the map.

• The position of the car can be seen on the monitor

• Cars that offer automatic ‘Reverse Park Assist’


technology utilize such sensors to help navigate the
car into tight reverse parking spots.
Position estimator

Position Estimator
Video Cameras
• The video camera was fixed near the rear view mirror.
• That will detect traffic lights and moving objects front
of the car.
• This camera also detects and records information
about road signs and traffic lights.
• It is intelligently interpreted by the car’s in built
software.
• For example if any vehicle or traffic detected then the
car will be slow down automatically, these all will be
done by artificial intelligence software only.
Video Cameras

Video Cameras –

CMOS image sensors


Google Street View
• Google Street View displays images taken from a fleet
of specially adapted cars.

• Areas not accessible by car, like pedestrian areas,


narrow streets, alleys and ski resorts, are sometimes
covered by Google Trikes (tricycles) or a snowmobile.

• On each of these vehicles there are nine directional


cameras for 360 views at a height of about 8.2 feet, or
2.5 meters, GPS units for positioning and three laser
range scanners for the measuring of up to 50 meters
180 in the front of the vehicle
Google Street View

Google street view


Artificial intelligence software
• Google Maps and the hardware sensors data are sent
to the AI.

• AI then determines:

o How fast to accelerate

o When to slow down/stop

o When to steer the wheel

• Goal of AI

• The agent's goal is to take the passenger to its desired


destination safely and legally
How does it work?
• The ―driver‖ sets a destination. The car‘s software
calculates a route and starts the car on its way.

• A rotating, roof-mounted LIDAR sensor monitors a 60-


meter range around the car and creates a dynamic
3D map of the car‘s current environment.

• A sensor on the left rear wheel monitors sideways


movement to detect the car‘s position relative to the
3D map.
How does it work?
• RADAR systems in the front and rear bumpers
calculate distances to obstacles.

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) software in the car is


connected to all the sensors and has input from
google street view and video cameras inside the car.
Block Diagram
V2X Communication Cars
Digital Infrastructure
V2X Communication Cars
• Cars will talk to other cars, exchanging data and
alerting drivers to potential collisions.

• They’ll talk to sensors on signs on stoplights, bus stops,


to get traffic updates and rerouting alerts
Infrastructure
• Vehicle-to-X connectivity (V2X)

• Decision and control algorithms

• Digital infrastructure

• Human factors

• Evaluating road automation

• Roadworthiness testing
Benefits and Costs
• Reduced Stress, Improved Productivity and Mobility

• Ownership and Operating Costs

• Traffic Safety

• External Cost
Innovation Deployment Patterns
Innovation Deployment Patterns
• Autonomous vehicle technologies are currently in the
development, testing and approval stages and in a
few years may become commercially available in
some jurisdictions.

• However, there are still many stages, and therefore


many years, before they are likely to experience large
market expansion and diffusion
Status of Autonomous Vehicles: India
• Novus Drive, a driverless shuttle, was the first of its kind
to debut in the country, and was seen carrying visitors
from one dome center to another during its showcase
at the Defexpo 2016 held in New Delhi.
Status of Autonomous Vehicles: India
• A research group of 30 from Indian Institute of
Technology in Kharagpur launched an ambitious start
up called AURO to launch India‘s first driverless car.
Indian Laws
• Motor Vehicles Act,1939

• Consumer Protection Act, 1986

• Information Technology Act, 2000

• Geospatial Information Regulation Bill, 2016


Conclusion
• Currently, there are many different technologies
available that can assist in creating autonomous
vehicle systems.

• There must be research and testing done over and


over again.

• The product will not be accepted instantly.

• There will not be an instant change in society, but it will


become more apparent over time as they are
integrated into society.

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