BEARINGS

By Varun N 

H E A RT O F T H E M AC H I N E
GENERAL OVERVIEW
• Introduction of bearing
• Bearing codes and designation
• Bearing tolerance & Fit
• Bearing life
• Bearing mounting & demounting
• Bearing lubrication
• Bearing failure and theoretical causes
DEFINITION OF BEARING
• A bearing is a machine element which support another moving machine element
• It carries loads and reaction of a rolling element.

CLASSIFICATION :
1. Nature of load
2. Nature of contact
3. Nature of Lubrication
NATURE OF LOAD

• Radial Load
• Thrust Load
NATURE OF CONTACT
• Sliding contact (friction )
• Rolling Contact (anti friction)
• Wide classification according to contact shown in the picture
 NATURE OF LUBRICATION
• Hydro dynamic
• Hydro static or boundary layer
• Mixed lubrication
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES ON
SLIDING CONTACT BEARING
• Adhesive- It is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another
• Cohesive –It refers to the tendency of similar or identical particles/surfaces to cling to one
another
BASIC SELECTION CRITERIA
1) Available space 7)Quiet running
2)Loads 8)Stiffness
3) Misalignment 9)Axial displacement
4)Precision 10)Mounting and
5)Speed Dismounting
6)Friction 11)Sealing solutions
 BEARING TYPE IDENTIFICATION BY
SEEING THE INITIAL NUMBER
• 0 –double row angular contact ball bearing • C- carb toroidal roller bearing
• 1-slef aligning ball baring • N- Cylindrical roller bearing Two or more
• 2-spherical bearing/spherical thrust letters are used to identify the number of
bearing the rows or the configuration of the
flanges, e.g. NJ, NU, NUP, NN, NNU, NNCF
• 3- taper roller bearing
etc.
• 4- double row deep grove ball bearing
• QJ - Four-point contact ball bearing
• 5-thrust ball bearing
• T - Tapered roller bearing in accordance
• 6-spherical roller angular contact ball with ISO 355
bearing
• 7 Single row angular contact ball bearing
• 8 Cylindrical roller thrust bearing
 ILLUSTRATIVE MANNER

• 0 –Double row angular contact ball bearing 7 Single row angular contact ball
• 1-Slef aligning ball baring bearing
8 Cylindrical roller thrust bearing
• 2-Spherical baring/spherical thrust bearing
C- Carb toroidal roller bearing
• 3- Taper roller baring N- Cylindrical roller bearing Two or more
• 4- Double row deep grove ball bearing letters are used to identify the number of the
• 5-Thrust ball bearing rows or the configuration of the flanges, e.g. NJ,
NU, NUP, NN, NNU, NNCF etc.
• 6-Spherical roller angular contact ball QJ - Four-point contact ball bearing
bearing
T - Tapered roller bearing in accordance with
ISO 355
GEOMETRY OF BALL BEARING

• Inner ring-outer ring-rolling element

Cage ,separator retainer
• Arranged together forms a kinematic
chain
EXTRUDED VIEW

INEER
SEAL OUTER RING BALLS CAGE SEAL
RING
CAGE BASIC NEEDS & TYPE
• Keeping the rolling elements at a proper distance from each other to reduce the
frictional moment and frictional heat in the bearing.
• Keeping the rolling elements evenly spaced to optimize load distribution and
enable quiet and uniform operation.
• Guiding the rolling elements in the unloaded zone, to improve the rolling
conditions and to prevent damaging sliding movements.
• Retaining the rolling elements of separable bearings when one bearing ring is
removed during mounting or dismounting.
• TYPES:
1 Stamped metal cages
2 Machined metal cages
3 Polymer cages
STAMPED METAL CAGES
• A) Sheet steel cages -Hot-rolled low carbon steel in accordance with EN 10111 &
X5CrNi18-10 stainless steel, in accordance with EN 10088-1.
• B) Sheet brass cages (medium-size bearings)
• The brass used for these cages is in accordance with EN 1652.
• Application:In applications like refrigeration compressors that use ammonia, season cracking in
sheet brass might occur, therefore machined brass or steel cages should be used instead.

• A Ribbon-type cage (a)

• A Riveted cage (b)

• A Snap-type cage (c)

• A Window-type cage (d)

MACHINED METAL CAGES
• A)Machined steel cages-non-alloyed structural S355GT (St 52) type steel in accordance
with EN 10 025:1990 +A:1993. (To improve sliding and wear-resistance properties, some
machined steel cages are surface treated.)
• Steel cages can be used at operating temperatures up to 300 °C
• B)Machined brass cages -Most brass cages are machined from a CW612N cast or wrought
brass in accordance with EN 1652.
• Brass cages should not be used at temperatures above 250 °C

• A two-piece machined riveted metal cage (a)

• A two-piece machined metal cage with integral rivets (b)

• A one-piece machined window-type metal cage (c)

• A double prong-type machined metal cage (d)

 POLYMER CAGES
• A) Polyamide 66:polyamide 66 (PA66) is used.The mechanical properties like strength and
elasticity of polymer materials are temperature dependent and subject to ageing.
• Polyamide 46 :Glass fibre reinforced polyamide 46 (PA46) is the standard cage material for
some small and medium-size CARB toroidal roller bearings. (The permissible operating
temperature is 15 °C (25 °F))
• Polyetheretherketone: The use of the glass fibre reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
has become more popular for demanding conditions regarding high speeds, chemical resistance
or high temperatures.
• The material does not show signs of ageing by temperature or oil additives up to 200 °C (390
°F). However, the maximum temperature for high-speed use is limited to 150 °C (300 °F) as
this is the softening temperature of the polymer.
• Phenolic resin: Lightweight, fabric reinforced phenolic resin cages can withstand heavy inertial
forces, but are not able to accommodate high operating temperatures.

• A polymer window-type cage (a)

• A polymer snap-type cage (b)

SEAL & SHIELD BASIC NEEDS AND
TYPE
• To keep lubricant in and contaminants out of the bearing
• Bearings capped on both sides are typically lubricated for the life of the bearing and should not
be washed or re-lubricated. They are filled with the appropriate amount of high-quality grease
under clean conditions.
• Types :
• Shields (Metal )
• Non-contact seals (Elastomers)
• Low-friction seals (Elastomers)
• Contact seals (Elastomers)
SEAL & SHIELD BASIC NEEDS & TYPE
• Seal materials Seals integrated in SKF bearings are typically made of elastomers.
• Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber :Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) is the "universal”
seal material.This copolymer, manufactured from acrylonitrile and butadiene, has good
resistance to the following media:
• most mineral oils and greases with a mineral oil base
• normal fuels, such as petrol, diesel and light heating oils
• animal and vegetable oils and fats
• hot water
• Shield material
• Low carbon ,Stainless steel & Nylon
OPERATING TEMPERATURE RANGE FOR CAGE ,SHIELD & SEALS
HOW THE PRICE WILL BE INVOLVED
• Stamped metal cages –For small end bearing no much price variation
• Machined metal cages - Two type : Steel -Price higher & brass -Price lower
• Polymer cages –The price will lower than the metal cages & it can withstand medium loads &
moderate Temperature

CAGE STEEL BRASS POLYMER

SKF Plain M,MA (s) & MB (S) ECA
DESGINATION
FAG Plain M , E.M1, TVP
DESGINATION
BALL BEARING CLASSIFICATION
ROLLER BEARING CLASSIFICATION
ROLLING ELEMENT CONTACT PROFILE
Spherical Asymmetrical
Ball

Cylindrical Needle Taper

BALL BEARING
• Moderate loads ,Thrust resistant & high-speed
ROLLER BEARING-LOAD CLASSIFICATION
• Straight –Low thrust loads
• Taper –High thrust loads
• Needle-Tight space application
• Spherical – Self alignment
CYLINDRICAL ROLLER & NEEDLE
BEARING
• Cylindrical Roller –High radial & low speed
• Needle-tight space application difference is L/d ratio greater than 4 then it is called needle
bearing
ROLLER BEARING CLASSIFICATION
• Taper Roller Bearing : both axial and radial Loads (Timken First to invent )
• Spherical roller : Self aligning
COMMON TERMS IN BEARING

• Angularity – any deviation in the vertical or horizontal plane

• Offset - deviation with respect to the Shaft Axis
BALL BEARING NOMEMCULTURE
BASIC DESIGNATION FOR BALL BEARING
• XXXXX (5 digit ,sometimes 4 & 3 digit ) -Type of bearing (first digit)
• XXXXX- The following two digits identify the ISO dimension series. The first digit indicates
the width or height series (dimensions B, Tor H). The second digit identifies the diameter series
(dimension D).
• XXXXX -The last two digits of the basic designation identify the size code of the bearing
bore. The size code multiplied by 5 gives the bore diameter (d) in mm.
• Bearings with a bore diameter of 10, 12, 15 or 17 mm have the following size code
identifications:
• 00 = 10 mm
• 01 = 12 mm
• 02 = 15 mm
• 03 = 17 mm
BASIC DESIGNATION
• For bearings with a bore diameter < 10 mm, or ≥ 500 mm, the bore
diameter is generally given in millimetres (uncoded). The size identification is
separated from the rest of the bearing designation by an oblique stroke,
e.g. 618/8 (d = 8 mm) or 511/530 (d = 530 mm). This is also true of
standard bearings in accordance with ISO 15 that have a bore diameter of 22,
28 or 32 mm, e.g. 62/22 (d = 22 mm).
ROLLER BEARING NOMENCULTURE
CYLINDRICAL CONTACT ROLLER
BEARING
APART FROM BASIC DESGINATIONS FOR BALL BEARING
BEARING TOLERANCE & FIT
• TOLERANCE :the difference between the maximum and minimum
size limits on a part
• BILATERAL TOLERANCE SYSTEM
• UNILATERAL TOLERANCE SYSTEM
• FIT TYPE
• Clearance fit
• Interference fit
• Transition fit
TYPE OF INSTALLATION
• Press fit & force fit –(small end bearing )
• Heating method through induction furnace (medium sized bearing)
• Hydraulic & heating oil method (large size bearing )

Tools used in Press / Force Fit :

1.Hammer & Mandrel -for small size bearings

ADVANTAGE FOR USING MANDREL &
HAMMER
INDUCTION HEATERS
HEAT OIL METHOD
HYDRAULIC MOUNTING TOOL METHOD
OPERATIONAL STABILIZATION CODES
• SN- up to 120 DEGREE CELCIUS
• S0- UPTO 150 DEGREE CELCIUS
• S1- UPTO 200 DEGREE CELCIUS
• S2- UPTO 250 DEGREE CELCIUS
• S3- UPTO 300 DEGREE CELCIUS
• S4- UPTO 350 DEGREE CELCIUS
RADIAL CLEARANCE

• C1-LESS THAN NORMAL CLEARANCE

• C2-LESS THAN NORMAL CLEARANCE
• CN-NORMAL CLEARANCE
• C3-GREATER THAN NOMINAL CLEARANCE
• C4-GREATER THAN NOMINAL CLEARANCE
BASIC RATING LIFE
• The basic rating life of a bearing in accordance with ISO 281 is
• L10 = (C/P)^P
• L10 = basic rating life (at 90% reliability)[million revolutions]
• C = basic dynamic load rating [kN]
• P = equivalent dynamic bearing load [kN] (Can be referred in the table )
• p = exponent of the life equation
a)for ball bearings, p = 3
b)for roller bearings, p = 10/3
• L10 life:The preferred term in specifying bearing life.
• The American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA), formerly the AFBMA defines the
Basic Rating Life, L10 as the bearing life associated with a 90% reliability when operating under
conventional conditions, i.e. after a stated amount of time 90% of a group of identical bearings
will not yet have developed metal fatigue. L10 life is also referred to by manufacturers as the
'minimum expected life'
• L50 life: Or average life.
• Although the L10 life is the proper method of specifying fatigue life per the ABMA, another
term is often used in the industry. The L50 or average life is accepted as the bearing life
associated with a 50% reliability, i.e., after a stated amount of time, only 50% of a group of
identical bearings will not yet have developed metal fatigue. L50 life equals five times the L 10
life.
• In other words, to get a L50 life equal to a L10 80,000-hour life, you must specify the L50 life
to be 400,000 hours. The following chart shows a comparison of L10 to L50 equivalents.
Required L10 Life Hours Equivalent L50 (avg) Life Hours

20,000 100,000
40,000 200,000
80,000 400,000
100,000 500,000
200,000 1,000,000
OTHER TYPES OF BEARINGS
• Magnetic bearing
• Anti friction bearings
• Energy efficient bearings
• SKF Concentra Y-bearings (insert bearings)
• SKF Dry Lube bearings
ANTI FRICTION BEARINGS
• Hybrid bearings
• The higher values for the modulus of elasticity of rolling elements made of silicon nitride
decreases the contact area in the raceways to significantly reduce rolling and sliding friction.
Additionally, the lower density of ceramic rolling elements, when compared with steel, reduces
the centrifugal forces, which also may reduce friction at high speeds.
MAGNETIC BEARINGS
• A magnetic bearing is a bearing that supports a load using magnetic levitation. Magnetic
bearings support moving parts without physical contact. For instance, they are able to levitate a
rotating shaft and permit relative motion with very low friction and no mechanical wear.
Magnetic bearings support the highest speeds of all kinds of bearing and have no maximum
relative speed
REFERENCE
• SKF- ROLLING ELEMENT CTALOUGE
• TIMKEN – SPHERICAL ROLLER CATALOUGE
 FEEDBACK TIME
• Visual understanding of work
• Rating for the presentation
• Improvement and suggestions if any

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