EE4262: Digital and Non-Linear

Control
Block Diagrams

1
 Introduction
• A Block Diagram is a shorthand pictorial representation of
the cause-and-effect relationship of a system.

• The interior of the rectangle representing the block usually

contains a description of or the name of the element, or the
symbol for the mathematical operation to be performed on
the input to yield the output.

• The arrows represent the direction of information or signal

flow.

d
x y
dt
2
 Introduction
• The operations of addition and subtraction have a special
representation.

• The block becomes a small circle, called a summing point, with

the appropriate plus or minus sign associated with the arrows
entering the circle.

• The output is the algebraic sum of the inputs.

• Any number of inputs may enter a summing point.

• Some books put a cross in the circle.

3
 Introduction
• In order to have the same signal or variable be an input
to more than one block or summing point, a takeoff
point is used.

• This permits the signal to proceed unaltered along

several different paths to several destinations.

4
 Example 1
• Consider the following equations in which x1, x2, x3, are variables,
and a1, a2 are general coefficients or mathematical operators.

x3  a1 x1  a2 x2  5

5
 Example 1
• Consider the following equations in which x1, x2, x3, are variables,
and a1, a2 are general coefficients or mathematical operators.

x3  a1 x1  a2 x2  5

6
 Example 2
• Consider the following equations in which x1, x2,. . . , xn, are
variables, and a1, a2,. . . , an , are general coefficients or
mathematical operators.

xn  a1 x1  a2 x2  an 1 xn1

7
Canonical Form of A Feedback Control System

8
 Definitions
B( s )
1. Open loop transfer function  G( s ) H ( s )
E( s )
C( s )
2. Feed Forward Transfer function  G( s )
E( s )
C( s ) G( s ) G(s )
3. control ratio  E (s )
R( s ) 1  G( s ) H ( s )

B( s ) G( s ) H ( s ) B(s )
4. feedback ratio 
R( s ) 1  G( s )H ( s )

E( s ) 1 H (s )
5. error ratio 
R( s ) 1  G( s ) H ( s )
C( s ) G( s )
6. closed loop transfer function 
R( s ) 1  G( s ) H ( s )

7. characteristic equation 1  G( s )H ( s )  0

9
 Characteristic Equation
• The control ratio is the closed loop transfer function of the system.

C( s ) G( s )

R( s ) 1  G( s ) H ( s )

• The denominator of closed loop transfer function determines the

characteristic equation of the system.

• Which is usually determined as:

1  G( s )H ( s )  0

10
 Reduction of Complicated Block
Diagrams
• The block diagram of a practical control system is often
quite complicated.

• It may include several feedback or feedforward loops, and

multiple inputs.

• By means of systematic block diagram reduction, every

multiple loop linear feedback system may be reduced to the
canonical form.

11
Reduction techniques

1. Combining blocks in cascade

G1 G2 G1G2

2. Combining blocks in parallel

G1
G1  G2
G2

12
Reduction techniques

3. Moving a summing point behind a block

G G
G

4. Moving a summing point ahead of a block

G G
1
G

13
 5. Moving a pickoff point behind a block

G G
1
G

6. Moving a pickoff point ahead of a block

G G
G

14
7. Eliminating a feedback loop

G
G
1  GH
H

G
G
1 G

H 1

8. Swap with two neighboring summing points

A B B A

15
 Example 3: Reduce the Block Diagram to Canonical Form.

• Combine all cascade block using rule-1

• Combine all parallel block using rule-2

16
 Example 3

𝐺2 + 𝐺3
𝐺1 𝐺4

17
 Example 3
• Eliminate all minor feedback loops using rule-7

• After the elimination of minor feedback loop the block diagram is reduced to as shown below

• Again blocks are in cascade are removed using rule-1

18
 Example 4
• For the system represented by the following block diagram
determine:
1. Open loop transfer function
2. Feed Forward Transfer function
3. control ratio
4. feedback ratio
5. error ratio
6. closed loop transfer function
7. characteristic equation
8. closed loop poles and zeros if K=10.

19
 Example 4
– First we will reduce the given block diagram to canonical form

K
s 1

20
 Example 4

K
s 1

K
 s 1
G
1  GH K
1 s
s 1

21
 Example 4
B( s )
1. Open loop transfer function  G( s ) H ( s )
E( s )
C( s )
2. Feed Forward Transfer function  G( s )
E( s )
C( s ) G( s ) G(s )
3. control ratio 
R( s ) 1  G( s ) H ( s )

B( s ) G( s ) H ( s )
4. feedback ratio 
R( s ) 1  G( s )H ( s )

E( s ) 1 H (s )
5. error ratio 
R( s ) 1  G( s ) H ( s )
C( s ) G( s )
6. closed loop transfer function 
R( s ) 1  G( s ) H ( s )

7. characteristic equation 1  G( s )H ( s )  0

8. closed loop poles and zeros if K=10. 22

 Example 5

H2

R _ C
+_ + G1 + G2 G3
+

H1

23
 Example 5
H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1 G2 G3
+

H1

24
 Example 5
H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1G2 G3
+

H1

25
 Example 5
H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1G2 G3
+

H1

26
 Example 5
H2
G1
R _ C
G1G2
+_ + G3
1  G1G2 H1

27
 Example 5
H2
G1
R _ C
G1G2G3
+_ +
1  G1G2 H1

28
 Example 5

R G1G2G3 C
+_ 1  G1G2 H1  G2G3 H 2

29
 Example 6
Find the transfer function of the following block diagram

G4
R (s ) Y (s )
G1 G2 G3

H2
H1

30
 I
G4
R(s ) B A
Y (s )
G1 G2 G3
H2
H1 G2

Solution:

1. Moving pickoff point A ahead of block G2

2. Eliminate loop I & simplify

B
G4  G2G3

31
 G4
R(s )
GG4 
B A G G
Y (s )
G1 2
2G 3
3

H2
H1G2

3. Moving pickoff point B behind block G4  G2G3

II
R(s ) B C
Y (s )
G1 G4  G2G3
H2
H1G2 1 /(G4  G2G3 )

32
4. Eliminate loop III

R(s ) Y (s )
G1 GG4 4GG 2G2G
3 3
C C

1  H 2 (GH4 2 G2G3 )
G2 H1
G4  G2G3

R(s ) G1 (G4  G2G3 ) Y (s )

1  G1G 2 H1  H 2 (G4  G2G3 )

Y (s) G1 (G4  G2G3 )


R( s ) 1  G1G 2 H1  H 2 (G4  G2G3 )  G1 (G4  G2G3 )
33
Example 7
Find the transfer function of the following block diagrams

R(s ) Y (s )
G1 G2

H1 H2

H3

34
Solution:

1. Eliminate loop I

R(s ) A
G2 I
B
Y (s )
G1 G2
H1
1  GH2 H
2
2

H3
2. Moving pickoff point A behind block G2
1  G2 H 2

R(s ) A G2 B
Y (s )
G1
1  G2 H 2

1  G2 H 2 II
H1 1  G2 H 2
G2 H 3  H1 ( )
G2
H3 Not a feedback loop 35
3. Eliminate loop II

R(s ) G1G2 Y (s )
1  G2 H 2

H1 (1  G2 H 2 )
H3 
G2

Y (s) G1G2

R( s ) 1  G2 H 2  G1G2 H 3  G1H1  G1G2 H1H 2

36
 Example 8
Find the transfer function of the following block diagrams

H4
R(s ) Y (s )
G1 G2 G3 G4

H3

H2

H1

37
 Solution:

1. Moving pickoff point A behind block G4

I
H4
R(s ) Y (s )
A B
G1 G2 G3 G4
H3 1
H3 G4 G4
H2 1
H2
G4 G4
H1

38
2. Eliminate loop I and Simplify

R(s ) II Y (s )
G2G3G4 B
G1
1  G3G4 H 4
H3
G4
H2
G4 III
H1

II feedback III Not feedback

G2G3G4 H 2  G4 H 1
1  G3G4 H 4  G2G3 H 3 G4
39
3. Eliminate loop II & IIII

R(s ) G1G2G3G4 Y (s )
1  G3G4 H 4  G2G3 H 3

H 2  G4 H 1
G4

Y (s) G1G2G3G4

R( s ) 1  G2G3 H 3  G3G4 H 4  G1G2G3 H 2  G1G2G3G4 H1

40
Example 9
Find the transfer function of the following block diagrams

H2

R(s ) A Y (s )
G1 G2 G3 B

H1

G4

41
Solution:

1. Moving pickoff point A behind block G3

I
H2

R(s ) A B Y (s )
G1 G2 G3
1
H1 G3
1
H1 G3
G4

42
2. Eliminate loop I & Simplify

H2

B
G2 G3 B G2G3

1 H1
 H2
H1 G3 G3
II
R(s ) G2G3 Y (s )
G1 1  G2 H1  G2G3 H 2

H1
G3

G4 43
3. Eliminate loop II

R(s ) G1G2G3 Y (s )
1  G2 H1  G2G3 H 2  G1G2 H1

G4

Y ( s) G1G2G3
T ( s)   G4 
R( s) 1  G2 H1  G2G3 H 2  G1G2 H1

44
Example 10: Multiple Input System. Determine the output C
due to inputs R and U using the Superposition Method.

45
Example 10

46
Example 10

47
Example 11: Multiple-Input System. Determine the output C
due to inputs R, U1 and U2 using the Superposition Method.

48
Example 11

49
Example 11

50
Example 12: Multi-Input Multi-Output System. Determine C1
and C2 due to R1 and R2.

51
Example 12

52
 Example 12

When R1 = 0,

When R2 = 0,

53