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Examination of Sources

This document discusses the examination of sources in historical research methods. It defines what a historical source is and lists the main types: primary and secondary. It also outlines the external and internal criticisms used to evaluate sources. External criticism examines a source's authenticity, while internal criticism determines the facts within. Some auxiliary sciences that aid this examination are also named, such as paleography, archaeology, and linguistics. Overall, the document stresses the importance of sources and historians working together to uncover meaningful facts about history.

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Argen Delos Santos Rivas
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93 views

Examination of Sources

This document discusses the examination of sources in historical research methods. It defines what a historical source is and lists the main types: primary and secondary. It also outlines the external and internal criticisms used to evaluate sources. External criticism examines a source's authenticity, while internal criticism determines the facts within. Some auxiliary sciences that aid this examination are also named, such as paleography, archaeology, and linguistics. Overall, the document stresses the importance of sources and historians working together to uncover meaningful facts about history.

Uploaded by

Argen Delos Santos Rivas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EXAMINATION OF SOURCES: THE Argen D.

Rivas
EXTERNAL & INTERNAL CRITICISMS IN Bachelor of Arts in History
Polytechnic University of the
METHODS OF RESEARCH IN HISTORY*
*A DEMO FOR AMA MAKATI
Philippines – Sta. Mesa, Manila
THE CONTENT
I. Introduction
II. Examining historical source
 What is historical source? Types of sources?
Examples of sources?
 The External and Internal Criticisms
 Auxiliary sciences
III. Conclusion

Courtesy of National Archives of the Philippines


INTRODUCTION
 Research
 The process of searching for a particular human’s question about his society and environment
(Neuman, 1997) cited by Evasco, et. al. (2011).

 Historical Methodology
 Techniques and guidelines
 Locating and gathering of sources
 Examining of sources

 Historiography
 The study and writing of history
 The study of the changing interpretation of the historians
EXAMINING HISTORICAL SOURCE
 Locating historical sources
 Institutions – libraries and archives
 Through archaeological activities

 Types of sources
 Primary Source – direct or first hand evidence
 Secondary Source

 Examples of sources
 Artifacts, autobiographies, memoirs, diaries, photographs
 Biographies, government records, accounts, oral testimonies,
magazines, books, etc.

Sources of Images: National Museum of the Philippines;


Lucban Historical Society; Amazon.com
THE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CRITICISMS
 External Criticism – determines the authenticity of the source.
 Internal Criticism – determines the historicity of the facts contained in the document.

1. Aspects/Processes in Doing External Criticism


 Physical/surface criticism; Provenance; Originality
 Testing the genuineness of the source; localizing it (time, place, author); analyzing it

2. Aspects/Processes in Doing Internal Criticism


 Determining the value of the source
 Interpretation of the source
 Establishment of facts
SOME AUXILIARY SCIENCES IN EXAMINING
HISTORICAL SOURCE
• Paleography – deals with ancient and historical writing.
• Isography – study of handwriting, its strokes and other factors related to it.
• Epigraphy – scholarly attempt of deciphering ancient inscriptions.
• Archaeology
• Linguistics
• Numismatics
CONCLUSION
“… The historian and the facts of history are necessary to one another. The historian
without his facts is rootless and futile; the facts without their historian are dead and
meaningless.”
- E. H. Carr, What is History? (1991); Emphasis mine.

“While photographs may not lie, liars may photographed.”


- Quoted from Lewis Hine, cited by Peter Burke, Eye witnessing: The uses of images as historical evidence (2001).
REFERENCES
Cruz, Romeo. “Sources of Local History.” Asian Studies 22-24 (1984-1986).

Evasco, Eugene, et. al., eds. Saliksik: Gabay sa pananaliksik sa Agham Panlipunan, Panitikan at Sining
(Quezon City: C&E Publishing, 2011).

Gottschalk, Louis. Understanding history: a primer to historical method (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950).

“Historical criticism.” The Catholic Historical Review, vol. 3, no. 3 (1917).

Langlois, CH. V. and C.H. Seignobos. Introduction to the study of history (New York: Henry Holt and
Company, 1898).

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