 act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or

behaviors :
 to express
 exchange information
 To express ideas, thoughts, feelings and ideas
 An act of transmitting information
 Known as mother of all communication models (1949)
 Depicts communication as a linear or one way process consisting
of five elements
 1.information source – producer of a message
 2.transmitter-encoder of a message from the signals
 3. channel- signals adapted for transmission
 4. receiver- decoder of the message from the signal
 5. destination
. Missing one essential element in communication process: feedback
Without feedback, the speaker will not know whether the receiver
understands the message or not
 It is two- way process with the inclusion of feedback as an
element
 The model is more interactive
 There is a collaborative exchange of messages between the
communicators with the aim of understanding each other
 It is also shows that a barrier, such as noise that may interfere
with the flow of communication
 Modified the Shannon Weaver Model
 Ask the student’s view about the Schramm Model
 1. CONTROL- communication functions to control behavior
 2.SOCIAL INTERACTION – communication allows individuals to
interaction with others
 3.MOTIVATION- communication motivates or encourages
people to live with others
 4. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION- communication facilitates
people’s expression of their feelings and emotions
 5. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION- communication functions
to convey information
 7 Cs of an EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION of Prof Broom, Cutlif and
Center(2012)
 1.COMPLETENESS- complete communication is essential to the quality
of the communication process in general. It should include everything
that the receiver needs to hear for him/ her to respond, react , and
evaluate properly.
 2. CONCISENESS – it does not mean keeping the message short, but
making it direct or straight to the point. Insignificant or redundant
information should be eliminated from the communication that will be
sent to the recipient.
 3. CONSIDERATION- to be effective, the speaker should always consider
relevant information about his/ her receiver such as mood, background,
race, preference, education, status, and needs. By doing so he/ she can
build a rapport with the audience.
 4.CONCRETENESS – effective communication happens when the
message is concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real life
situations and examples. In this case, the receiver is more
connected to the massage conveyed.
 5. COURTESY- the speaker shows courtesy in communication by
respecting the culture, values and beliefs of his/ her receiver. Being
courteous at all times creates positive impact on the audience
 6. CLEARNESS- this implies the use of simple of specific words to
express ideas. It is also achieved when the speaker focuses only on
a single objective in his/ her speech so as not to confuse the
audience.
 7. CORRECTNESS- correctness in grammar eliminates negative
impact on the audience and increase the credibility and
effectiveness of the message.
 1. Emotional Barriers
 2. Use of Jargon
 3. Lack of Confidence
 4 Noisy environment
Verbal Communication - refers an interaction in which words are used to
relay the message. For effective and successful verbal com, used words to
express ideas which can easily understood by the person you are talking to.
CONSIDIRATIONS WHEN ENGAGING THIS TIME OF COMMUNICATION
1) APPROPRIATENESS- the language you use should be appropriate to the
environment or occasion. ( formal/ informal)
2) BREVITY- speakers who often use simple word yet precise and
powerful word are more credible. We should be Direct to your words.
Avoid fillers and insubstantial message such as UH, YOU KNOW, I GUESS
and others
3) CLARITY- the meaning of the words , feelings or ideas interpreted
differently by the listener , it is essential for you to clearly state your
message and express your ideas and feelings
 4. ETHICS- words should be carefully chosen in
consideration of the gender , roles, ethnicity , preference and
status of the person or people you are talking to
 5. Vividness – words that vividly or creatively describe things
or feelings usually add color and spice to the communication,
you are encourage to find ways to charm your audience
through the use of vivid words
 > refers to the interaction where behavior is used to convey
and represent meanings. All kinds of human responses that
are not expressed in words are classified non- verbal
communication such as stares, smiles, tone of voice
movement, manners, of walking, standing, sitting,
appearance, style, of attire, attitude towards time and space,
personality, gestures, and others.
 1 It enhances and emphasizes the message of your speech, thus
making it more meaningful, truthful, and relevant
 2 It can communicate feelings, attitudes , and perceptions without
saying a words.
 .3.It can sustain the attention of listeners and keep them engaged
in the speech
 4. It gives the audience to preview to the type of speaker you are
 5. It makes you appear more dynamic and animated in your
delivery
 6. It serves a s a channel to release tension and nervousness
 7. It makes your speech more dramatic
 8. It can build a connection to the listener
 9. It makes you a credible speaker
 10. It helps you vary your speaking style and avoid a
monotonous delivery
 >(Ting- Toomey, 1999) happens when individuals interact,
negotiate and create meanings while bringing in their varied
cultural backgrounds
 > (Gudykunst, 2003) pertains to communication among the people
from different nationalities
 >it is a communication that is influenced by different ethnicities,
religions, and sexual orientations
 >(Gudykunst and Kim 2003) it takes place when people draw from
their cultural identity to understand values, prejudices, language,
attitudes, and relationship
 > Understanding of human experiences across diverse societies
 > sending and receiving of messages across languages and culture
 > offers a structure that explores how people experience cultural
differences
 SIX STAGES OF DMIS ACCORDING TO BENNET AND BENNET (2004)
 1. DENIAL- the individual does not recognize cultural differences
 2. DEFENSE- the individual starts to recognize cultural difference
and it is intimidated by them, resulting in either superior view on
own culture or unjustified high regard for the new one
 3. MINIMIZATION- although individuals see cultural differences,
they bank more on the universality of ideas rather than on cultural
differences.
 4. ACCEPTANCE- an individual begins to appreciate important
cultural differences in behavior and in values
 5. ADAPTATION- the individual is very open to world views
when accepting new perspective
 6. INTEGRATION- individuals start to go beyond their own
cultures and see themselves and their actions based on
multifarious cultural viewpoint

 1. recognize communication behaviors which differ from your
own
 2. take into account what influence these types of behavior
 3. try to analyze how linguistic and cultural communities
differ in terms of communication behavior and influencing
factors ( ALLWOOD 1985)
 World Bank (2010) identifies the following traits that define a
competent intercultural communicator
 1. flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainty
 2.reflectiveness or mindfulness
 3. open- mindedness
 4. sensitivity
 5. adaptability
 6.ability to engage in divergent thinking( thinking creatively) and
systems – level thinking ( or thinking how each one in a system or
organization influences each other)
 7. politeness
 1) INTRAPERSONAL – this refers to the communication that centers
on one person where the speaker acts as both as the sender and
the receiver as the message. The message is made up of thoughts
and feelings. The channel is your brain, which processes what you
are thinking and feeling. There is feedback in the sense that as you
talk to yourself, you discard certain ideas and replace them with
others

 2) INTERPERSONAL- this refers to the communication between and

among people and establishes personal relationship between and
among them. INTER- the word that highlights how interpersonal
communication connects people
 PERSONAL – part that means that your unique qualities as a person
matter during interpersonal communication
 1) DYAD COMMUNICATION- communication that
occurs between two person

 2) SMALL GROUP - this refers to the communication

that involves at least three but not more than twelve
people engaging in a face to face interaction to achieve
the desired goal. Participants can freely share ideas in
a loose and open discussion
 3) PUBLIC - refers to the communication that requires you to
deliver or send the message before or in front of a group. The
practice can be driven informational or persuasive purposes.
The channels are more exaggerated, the voice is louder and
the gestures are more expansive because the audience is
bigger. The speaker might use additional visual channels such
as slides or PowerPoint presentation, lapel and microphone.
 4) MASS COMMUNICATION- this refers to communication
that takes place though tv, radio, newspaper, magazines,
books, billboards, internet, and others types of media
 1.) INTIMATE - this style is private, which occurs between or
among close family members or individuals. The language
used in this style may not be shared in public
 2.) CASUAL – this style is common among peers and friends.
Jargon, slang, or vernacular language are used
 3) Consultative – this style is the standard one. Professional or
mutually acceptable language is a must and style. Examples :
students and teachers, employers to employees, doctor and
patients, judge and lawyer, president and his/ her
constituents.
 4) FORMAL – this style is used in formal settings, Unlike the
consultative this is one way. Examples: sermons by priest and
ministers, SONA, formal speeches , or pronouncements by
students
 5) FROZEN- this style is “ frozen” in time and unchanged. It
mostly occurs in ceremonies. Examples : Preamble of the
constitution, Lord’s Prayer, Alligiance country or flag, DEPED
mission and vision
 > an utterance that the a speaker makes to achieve an
intended effect . Some of the functions which are
carried out using speech acts are offering an apology,
greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment,
or refusal
 > might contain just one word or several words or
sentences
 > he is a philosopher of language and a developer of the Speech
Act Theory
 1. LOCUTIONARY ACT is the actual act of uttering
 ( Please do the dishes)
 2. ILLOCUTIONARY ACT- is the social function of what is said
 ( By uttering the locution “ Please do the dishes”, the speaker
request the addressee to wash the dishes )
 3.PERLOCUTIONARY ACT- the resulting act of what is said. This
effect is based on the particular context in which the speech act
was mentioned
 (“ Please do the dishes “ would lead to the addressee washing the
dishes)
 There are also indirect speech acts which occurs when there is no
direct connection between the form of the utterance and the
intended meaning. They are different in force (intention) from the
inferred speech act
 EXAMPLE
 “ Can you pass the rice?
 Inferred Speech Act- Do you have the ability to hand over the rice?
 Indirect Speech Act- Please pass the rice

 So while then utterance literally asks the addresses if he or she has

the ability to hand a plate of rice. It actually indirect request the
addressee to pass the rice to the speaker
 Austin also introduced the concept of performative
utterances: statements which enable the speaker to perform
something just by stating it . In this manner, verbs that
execute the speech act that they intend to effect are called
PERFORMATIVES
 > A performative utterance said by the right person under the
right circumstances results in a change in the world. Certain
conditions should be met when making a performative
utterance
 I now pronounce you husband and wife – when uttered by
judge or a priest or authorized person will have an actual
effect ,how ever if unauthorized person doesn’t have an effect
 Please bring out 1 sheet of paper- By a subject Teacher
 You are under arrest –by policeman
 Lights, camera, action- Movie director
 1. ASSERTIVE – type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses
belief about the truth of a proposition. Examples are suggesting, putting
forward, swearing-to assure somebody that something will certainly
happen or be done , boasting-excessively proud statement
 and concluding-inference-LOGIC reasoning process
 . ( NO ONE MAKES BETTER PANCAKE THAN I DO)
 Assertive- acting confidently: confident in stating a position or a claim
 2. DIRECTIVE -type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to
make the addressee perform the action. Some examples are asking,
ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, begging-to ask somebody for
something such as a favor in a heartfelt, humble, or even humiliating
 . ( PLEASE CLOSE THE DOOR)
 3. COMMISSIVE- a type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker
to do something in the future. Examples are promising-to assure
somebody that something will certainly happen or be done
 , planning-doing something that is worked out in advancev
 , vowing-solemn pledge: a solemn promise to perform an act, carry
out an activity, or behave in a given
, and betting (FROM NOW ON, I WILL PARTICIPATE IN OUR GROUP)
 4. EXPRESSIVE- a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker
expresses his / her feelings or emotional reactions. Examples are
thanking-express gratitude: to express feelings of gratitude to
somebody or be grateful to somebody
 , apologizing, welcoming - providing a warm and friendly greeting
 , deploring- to disapprove of something very strongly
 (I’m sorry for not helping out cleaning the classroom)
 5. DECLARATION- type of act which brings a change in the
external situation. Examples are blessing-approval: approval
or good wishes
 , firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentences,
excommunicating-
 ( YOU ARE FIRED!)
 Require that the appropriate use of language within the given
culture

 COMMINICATIVE COMPETENCE- the ability to use linguistic

knowledge to effectively communicate with others.
 > is essential for the speaker to be able to use and
understand speech acts. Idioms and nuances (the use or
awareness of subtle shades of meaning or feeling, especially
in artistic expression or performance) in a certain language
might be lost or understood by someone who does not fully
grasp them language yet.
 Answer EXERCISE II on page 46

*Work with your partner from the previous activity. Complete

the following table with information related to Searle’s
Classification of Speech Act.
NOMINATION
> A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and
productively establish a topic. You try to open a topic with the
people you are talking to. When beginning a topic in a
conversation, especially if it does not arise from previous topic,
you may start off with news inquiries and new announcement as
they promise extended talk. Keep the conversional environment
open for opinions until the proper topic shuts down easily and
initiates a smooth ends. This could efficiently signal the beginning
of a new topic in conversation.
 > It refers to any limitation you may have as a
speaker . When communicating in a classroom, in a
meeting, or while hanging out with your friends ,
you must typically given a specific instruction that
you must follow. These instructions confine you as a
speaker and limit what you can say.
 Sometimes people are given unequal opportunities to talk
because others take much time during the conversation.
 > A process by which people decide who takes the
conversational floor. There is a code of behavior behind
establishing and sustaining a productive conversation , but
the primary idea is to give all communicators a chance to
speak.
 > Keep your words relevant reasonably short enough to
express your views or feelings.
 > Try to be polite even if you are trying to take the floor from
another speaker.
 > This covers how procedural formality or informality affects
the development of topic in conversations.
 > It is achieved cooperatively- means that when a topic is
initiated , it should be collectively developed by avoiding
unnecessary interruption and topic shift.
Example: in meetings , you may only have the turn to speak
after the chairperson directs you. Contrast with casual
conversation with friends over lunch or coffee where you take
the conversational floor anytime.
 >From the term itself, involves one topic to another.
It is where one part of a conversation ends and
where another begins.
 > When shifting from one topic to another, you have
to be very intuitive. Make sure that the previous
topic was nurtured enough to generate adequate
views. You can use effective conversional transition
such as “ by the way” , “ in addition to what you
said”, “ Which remind me off”
 > refers how the speakers address the problems in speaking ,
listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a
conversation.
 > EXAMPLE: If everybody in the conversation seems to talk at
the same time, give way and appreciate other’s initiative to set
the conversation back to its topic.

 > It a self righting mechanism in any social inter- action (

Schegloff et al, 1977). If there is a problem in understanding
the conversation, speakers will always try to address and
correct it.
 . Refers to the conversation participants’ close- initiating
expressions that end a topic conversation, the topic
initiator takes responsibility to signal the end of the
discussion as well
 > Although not all topics may have clear ends, try to signal
the end of the topic through concluding cues. You can do
this by sharing what you learned from the conversation.
Aside from this , soliciting agreement from the other
participants usually completes the discussion of the topic
meaningfully.
Other communicative strategies that the
second language learners use can be
classified as AVOIDANCE and
ACHIEVEMENT strategies according to (
DOBAO and Martinez, 2007
 Semantic Avoidance- The speaker communicates something
different from what he/ she originally intends. “ The eye is
wounded” - pertains to black eye
 Message Reduction- The message is expressed , but it is less
accurate that the original idea. “ The woman was wearing a
sort of long dress” – to describe a woman wearing a gown
 Message Abandonment- The message totally discontinued. “
She was walking in that…. I don’t know”.
 Coinage- The speaker makes a new word to express his/ her idea.
“ House shoes “ for slippers
 Circumlocution- The speaker describes the object or the action
instead of using the actual word/ “ I want to buy …. The thing that
you wear when your hands feel cold” refers to the gloves
 Barrowing- The speaker uses a word from his/ her native language
to express his/ her message. “ I saw a ….. BRUHA in the forest.”
 Appeal for assistance- The speaker turns to a native language to
learn the word..
 ( speaker points to his ankle) – “ What do you call this?
 Just like events planning, or any other activities, writing an
effective speech follows certain steps or processes. The
process for writing is not chronological order or linear rather,
it is recursive.

 PLEASE FIG. 1 Speech writing Process in page 72

 1)Audience Analysis – entails looking into the profile of
your target audience. This is done so you can tailor -fit your
speech content and the delivery to your audience . The profile
includes the following information.
 A. Demography- ( age range, male female ratio, educational
background, educational institution and affiliation or degree
program taken, nationality, economic status, academic or
corporate designations)
 B. Situation- ( time, venue, occasion and size)
 C. Psychology ( values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, cultural
and racial ideologies and needs)
 PURPOSE
 > The purpose of writing and delivering the speech can be
classified into three:
 1. Informative Speech – provides the audience with a clear
understanding of the concept or idea presented by the
speaker
 2. Entertainment Speech- provides the audience an
amusement
 3. Persuasive Speech- provides the audience with well-
agrued ideas that can influence their own beliefs and
decisions.
TOPIC

 2)TOPIC
> It is the focal point of your speech,
which can be determined once you have
decided on your own purpose. If you are
free to decide on a topic , choose one
that really interest you.
 1. USING PERSONAL EXPERIENCES
 2. DISCUSSING FAMILY MEMBERS AND FRIENDS
 2. FREE WRITING
 4. LISTING
 5. ASKING QUESTIONS
 6. SEMANTIC WEBBING
 4)NARROWING DOWN A TOPIC
 > It means making your own idea
more specific and focused. The
strategies in selecting a topic can also
be used when you narrow down the
topic
 5) DATA GATHERING
 > It is the stage where you collect ideas,
information, sources and reference, relevant or
related to your specific topic. This can be down in
visiting library , browsing the web, observing a
certain phenomenon or event related to your topic,
or conducting an interview or survey. The data that
you will gather will be very useful in making your
speech informative, entertaining and persuasive
 6.)Writing Patterns
 > This are structures that will help you
organize the ideas related to your topic.
 EXAMPLES
 Biographical, categorical, topical, causal,
chronological, comparison/ contrast, problem-
solution, spatial
 Check page 65 on the textbook
 7.) OUTLINE-
 > A hierarchical list that shows the relationship of your
ideas. Experts in public speaking state that once your
outline is ready, two thirds of your speech is finished.
 ELEMENTS OF OUTLINE:
 A. introduction
 B. body
 C. conclusion
 8)THE BODY OF THE SPEECH
 > provides explanations, examples, or any
details that can help you deliver your purpose
and explain the main idea of your speech. One
major consideration in developing the body of
your speech is the focus or central idea. The
body of your speech should have only one
central idea.
 Present real- life situations
>

 > Show statistics

 > Present Comparison
 > Share ideas from experts and practitioners
 9.)Introduction
 > It is the foundation of your
speech. The primary goal is to get
the attention of the audience and
present the subject or main idea of
your speech
 A. Use areal- life experience and connect that experience
to your subject
 B. Use practical examples and explain their connection to
your subject
 C. Start a familiar or strong quote and then explain what it
means
 D. Use facts or statistics and highlight their importance to
your subject
 E. Tell a personal story to illustrate your point
> restates the main idea of your speech.
It provides summary, emphasizes the
message, and calls for action. While the
primary goal of the introduction is to get
the attention of your audience, the
conclusion aims to leave the audience
with a memorable statement.
 1. Begin a conclusion with the
restatement of your message.
 2. Use positive examples, encouraging
words, or memorable lines from a song or
stories familiar to the audience.
 3. Ask a question or a series of questions
that can make audience reflect or ponder
 >involves correcting errors
in mechanics, such as
grammar, punctuation,
capitalization, unity,
coherence, and others.
 1. EDIT FOR FOCUS
 “ So what the point? What’s the message of the
speech?”
 > this ensures that everything you have written, from
introduction to conclusion, is related to the central message
 2.) EDIT FOR CLARITY
 “ I don’t understand the message because the
examples and supporting details were confusing?”
 > Make all ideas in your speech clear by arranging them in
logical order. (main idea first then supporting details or
supporting details first then mail idea.
 3. EDIT FOR CONCISION
 “The speech was all over the place, the speaker keep talking
endlessly as if no one was listening to him or her”.
 > Keep your speech short, simple and clear by eliminating
unrelated stories and sentences by using simple words.
 4. EDIT FOR CONTINUITY
 “ The speech was too difficult to follow ; I was lost in the
middle.”
 >Keep the flow of your presentation smooth by adding
transition words and phrases
 5. EDIT FOR VARIETY
 “ I didn’t enjoy the speech it was boring.”
 > Add spice to your speech by shifting tone and style fom
formal to conversional and vice versa, moving around the
stage and add humor.
 6. ADDING FOR IMPACT AND BEAUTY
 “ There is nothing really special about the speech.”
 > make your speech memorable
 1. surprise the audience
 2. use vivid descriptive images
 3. write a well crafted and
memorable lines
 4. use figures of speech
 >gives you an opportunity to
identify what works and does
not work for you and for your
target audience.
 1. reading your speech aloud
 2. recording for your own
analysis, peers and coaches for
their feedback on your delivery
 3. Constant practice makes
perfect
 1. Keep your words short and simple. Your
speech is meant to be heard by the audience
and not be read.
 2. Avoid jargon, acronyms, or technical
words because they can confuse the
audience.
 3. Make your speech more personal. Use the
personal pronoun “I” but don’t overuse it
 4. Use active verbs and contractions because they add to the personal
and conversional tone of your speech.
 5. Be sensitive of your audience. Be very careful of your language,
jokes and non verbal cues.
 6. Use metaphors (the use to describe somebody or something of a
word or phrase that is not meant literally but by means of a vivid
comparison expresses something about him, her, or it, e.g. saying
that somebody is a snake.) and other figures of speech to effectively
convey the point
 7. Manage your time well; make sur the speech falls under the time
limit.
 > a good delivery means that you are capable and able to
present your message in clear, coherent, and interesting way.
 > conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly, interesting, and without
distracting the audience. Most audiences prefer delivery that
combines a certain degree of formality with the best attributes
of good conversation such as
 1. directness
 2. spontaneity
 3. animation
 4. vocal and facial expressiveness
 5. lively sense of communication
 Informative speech
 > provides the audience with a clear
understanding of a concept or idea. The
lecture of your teachers are the examples of
this type
> it amuses the audience
> The humorous speeches
of comedians and
performers are the best
examples of this type.
 > provides the audience with favorable or
acceptable ideas that can influence their
own ideas and decisions. The campaign
speeches of the running candidates for
government posts are the best examples of
this type
Description Speaking with limited preparation
Guided by notes or outline
Delivered conversationally
Most Popular type

Speaking When you assigned to report a topic in a class

Situations
Advantages Helps you look confident
Engages the audience
Disadvantages May not have adequate time to plan, organize, and
rehearse
 Create an outline
Tips  Organize points logically
 Use facts and real life experience as your examples
 Description
Speaking without advanced preparation
Unrehearsed speech
Spoken conversationally

Speaking situations
In event where you asked you say a few words
First day at work or in a class or interview

Advantages
Spontaneous or natural speaking
More Focused and brief

Disadvantages
Tendency to be disorganized
Lacks connection with the audience
Nerve- racking for inexperienced speakers and
beginners

Tips
 Once you are requested to say something, pause
for a moment to plan in your head what to say
 State your main point briefly and deliver it at pace
 DESCRIPTION Speaking with advanced preparation
Planned or rehearsed speech
Reading aloud a written speech

SPEAKING SITUATION News casting with a Teleprompter or autocue device

Presenting a legal proceedings and verdict in the court
Reading the rules and criteria in the contest

ADVANTAGES Exact repetitions of the written words

Guided speech

DISADVANTAGES Boring and Uninteresting presentation

Lacks audience rapport and connection

TIPS  Rehearse the speech over and over again until so sound natural
 Observe accomplished news anchor and note how conversational
they sound when they deliver the news
DESCRIPTION Speaking with advanced preparation
Planned and rehearsed speech
Reciting a written message word for word from memory
SPEAKING When you perform in a stage play
SITUATIONS When you deliver a declamation, oratorical or literary piece
When an actor or actress in a scene performs a script from
memory
ADVANTAGES Exact repetition of the written words from memory
Free to moved around the stage
DISADVANTAGES Speakers end up with a monotone pattern. He/ she might
end up to a fast pace
When a speaker cannot control his stage fright he/she might
have difficulty of remembering his/her memorized speech
TIPS  Rehearse the speech over and over again until so sound
natural
 Observe how actor/ actresses perform their script in a
theater, tv, or movie scene
Description Audience depends on the venue size
Advantages You can determine the approach with your
audience : more intimate and more personal for
smaller size, more formal for larger size
Disadvantages This can be challenging and intimidating
Tips  Ask the organizers about the estimated number
of audience so you can adjust the delivery
 Practice, practice and practice
Description Examples are open courts or ground, football fields,
farms etc
Advantages You will feel more relaxed because of the atmosphere
or venue
Disadvantage You will encounter a lot of communication barriers such as noise, inattentive
audiences, discomfort, challenging weather, possible absence of technology such as
s audio visual equipment

Tips  Check your venue prior to your speaking engagement

 Ask the organizers about the availability of the equipment
 Challenge your self on how you can get and maintain the attention of the
audience
 Use the outdoor setting or venue to your advantage as a way of jumpstarting your
speech, or as an examples to support your main point
 PRACTICE
Description Speaking venues that vary according to size: classroom, meeting, or conference
room, ball room, social hall, auditorium, covered court and open court

Advantages You will be exposed to different venues, which will add

to your public experiences
Disadvantag You will have a big adjustments in terms on non-
es verbal cues, volume of voice, body language and facial
expression
Tips  Check the venues days before yours scheduled speech and arrive earlier in
the venue so you can determine the adjustments to make
 For a large venue speak more slowly, use pauses frequently to highlight
the most important ideas , and make use of facial expressions and
gestures. When you use visual aids , make them more visible
Description The main function is to increase the volume of your
voice, not to clarify the pronunciation and enunciation
of your voice
Advantages With the microphone you get easily get the attention
of your audience because of the loudness of your
voice.

Disadvantage Using a microphone can be challenging because there

s is a tendency to underuse or overuse it

Tips  check the microphone if it functions well

 Check your voice in the microphone if you are audible enough
Description A podium or a lectern is a reading desk with a stand and a
slanted top

Advantages Notes can be placed on a slanted top, and sill work best to the
extemporaneous and manuscripts speeches
The lectern can be used as a means to hide or cover the
nervousness or stage fright
Disadvantag  Some may have the tendency to hide their hands behind the
es podium ,which will not help him enhance their message

Tips  Stand straight, as your posture exudes your confidence

 Avoid gripping the edge of the podium with both hands , and avoid hiding your
hands too
 For extemporaneous and impromptu speakers, step to the side occasionally once
 how they approach their audience(formal, informal, personal,
conversional, intimate among others)
 How they connect with their audience( using an eye contact, body
movements, and facial expressions)
 How they present themselves ( stage presence: how they look, stand,
walk, use non- conversional cues, act on – off the stage)

How they use their voice in terms of volume ( loudness or softness),
pitch( highness or lowness), rate or speed, pauses the emphasis and
strengthen the clarity of the message, vocal variety (effective
changes in volume, pitch, rate and pauses), pronunciation.
1. Use conversional style more often. This style is more natural and always use
when you express yourself with your family and friends. Audience doesn't like
speaker to sound unnatural or exaggerated.
2. Look the audience members in the eye so they will feel that they are part of your
speech, eye contact should be maintained to keep the attention of your
audience and enhance your delivery.
3. Remember to adjust your volume to the size of your audience and venue. When
addressing large audience, modulate your voice in such a way that you speak
loudly without sounding shouting or yelling.
4. Vary your rate or speed to keep your audience interested and to avoid a
monotone pattern. The audience might get bored if you speak very slowly and
they might get confused if you speak fast.
5. Master your voice and find your pitch level( high or low). If you have a high pitch
level modulate or slightly move it down. If you have a low pitch level, modulate
or slightly move it up. Your performance will definitely be affected if you do not
modulate.
6. Use pauses when you emphasize the most important words, phrases or
sentences. Your pauses should not last for three seconds. Otherwise it will result to
dead air or moment of awkward silence.
7. Pronounce and enunciate (speak clearly or to pronounce something). You will
confuses the audience if you mispronounce the words, and it could distract
them and affect your credibility.
8. Avoid using fillers or expressions that substitute the actual words in your
speech because these words are distracting. Examples of fillers are: like, um, ah,
uh, and er. To reduce the use of these fillers, detect the instances when you use
them, instead of using them simply stop and pause.
9. start your speech by standing straight and balancing your weight. This will give
a positive impression.
10. Use precise movements. Avoid distracting mannerisms like swaying back and
forth leaning on the podium, licking or biting your lips, playing with your
wristwatch or jewelry, scratching parts of your body, frowning and others.
Observe your mannerism and avoid them doing into public.
11. Avoid having poker face or highly animated face. These facial expressions
appear distracting and may even be annoying instead S-M-I-L-E but make
sure that the meaning of your speech reflects in your facial expression, don’t
smile if your talking about something sad.
12. Dress properly and appropriately. Wearing the proper attire will make you
look more confident and professional. Make sure not to overdress , as they
may distract your audience.
13. Observe ethics by coming prepared, being honest with your words, being
polite, avoiding offensive words and back biting or talking negative things
about other people or copying someone’s work without proper
documentation.
14. Breath in and out to relax before your speech. Most importantly , have fun.
 Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is
that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our
darkness that most frightens us. We ask ourselves, Who am I to be a
brilliant, gorgeous,, talented and fabulous? Actually, who are you
not to be? You are a child of God. Your playing small does not serve
the world. There is nothing enlightened about shrinking so that
people won’t feel insecure around you. We are all meant to shine,
as children do. We were born to make manifest the glory of God
that is within us. It’s not just in some of us; it’s everyone. As we let
our own light shine, we unconsciously give other people permission
to do the same. As we are liberated from our own fear, our presence
automatically liberates others.
 Since public figures are always
constrained by a hectic schedule, they
need ghost writer. Consequently, they
would have to read the text of the speech
as it is.

 The
Presidents' State of the Nation
Address (SONA) is a concrete example
 Speakers on radio and television are
always battle with time limits. For
examples, a televised panel
discussion about social issue may
require radio and TV anchors to
critically choose and refine the
words of their speech in advance
Thispublic speaking role requires
a great deal of contemplation and
preparation. For example, we have
speeches of different country’s
spokespersons in an international
seminar on climate change.
 1. Since this type of speech follows a word for word , you might be
tempted to skip practicing the speech.
 2. In relation to the previous point, if you fail to practice and decide to
read it during the time od delivery itself you might be glued to the
speech all throughout. You may overlook making an eye contact with
your audience. Note that glancing at the audience only at the end of a
sentence is not sufficient to establish and maintain rapport during your
speech.
 3. Because everything is planned based on the time allotted, you will
surely want to cover everything in your speech before you run out of
time. This might affect your connection with the audience, as there is a
tendency to ignore the audience and neglect responding to their
feedback when busy in the speech. Pay attention and make sure to check
and adjust if the audience displays anxiety, impatience, or boredom.
 1. Practice- Practice delivering the speech several times.
Mark the next. Even if it’s a manuscript, know the script
by heart. Only if you do these can you keep frequent eye
contact with the audience.
 2. Adapt- Even if you have a manuscript, feel free to
modify the text when the situation demands it. If you
observed that the audience is bored, you may use shorter
yet more vigorous words. If your audience is impatient,
add words of strong motivational power. If your audience
is anxious, share personal anecdotes to lighten the mood.
This requires you to commit the speech to memory
so that you do not bring your notes when delivering
it. As with the manuscripts speech, you can also run
the risk of sounding mechanical during a
memorized delivery. For this reason keep
memorized speech short and work harder on your
facial expressions and the tone of your voice.
 Memorizing a speech can help you
achieve a smooth and effortless
delivery. You do not need to focus on
notes or a manuscript. You can
concentrate on maintaining eye contact
with your audience , establishing rapport
and interacting with your audience
 1. You might forget what supposed to say. Long pauses can create a
very awkward moment between you and your audience.
 2. You might memorized the speech mechanically . This can result in
a very unnatural delivery.
 3. You might focus on the content. Consequently, grouping for the
right words might make you look uptight and stiff.
 4. You might be too tied to remembering your script. This will give
you no chance to pay attention and respond the audience
feedback.
 1. You do not need notes anymore. Since the speech is memorized , you do
not have the worry about when to read and when to glance at the audience.
 2.You can plan your gestures, facial expressions, and movement. When you
know the speech by heart
 It would be easier for you to work on non- verbal communication .
 3. You can concentrate on visual aids and props. A memorized speech will
help you focus more on your props if you have any.
 4. You will feel more confident. If you know you have committed the speech
to memory, you will not be anxious about running out of words or not
knowing what to say.
You cannot memorize a speech in one setting. If your
speech has four paragraph , you should focus on one
paragraph at a time. One you have memorized the
first paragraph focus on the next one.
Do not memorized the speech silently. When
you recite speech over and over while
memorizing it, your brain multi task and aids
your memory retention.
Identify the point in every paragraph .
Even if you miss out some words in the
actual speech delivery, you can easily
expound on the key points.
After memorizing the speech in snippets, you need to put
them together. Recite the first paragraph and move on to the
second. After this, recite the first and the second paragraph
and move on to the third paragraph. The next thing to know,
you have completed your speech.
After memorizing some parts of your speech,
take a break for some hours or for a day. After
this recite the speech again. This will test how
well you can recall what you think you have
Record yourself delivering the speech
and listen to it over and over again .
Like a song, the speech will get stuck
in your head.
 Writeone key point in the note card.
Bring these notecards wherever you
go and take them out whenever you
have extra time to memorize,
especially during idle times of the
day.
 Thisis delivered with little or no time
for preparation. You are called to
speak at the spur of the moment
because you are expected to be
knowledgeable about the subject.
Past
I was not comfortable in making impromptu
speeches because I could not think right away of
what to say; maybe it WAS because of
nervousness and lack of time to prepare.

However I am enjoying it because I

Present constantly practice and keep on exposing

myself to any speaking situation.

I look forward to teaching

Future others how to survive
impromptu speech situations.
 point I love Facebook

Reason
I have two reason for this one, it helps me easily
reconnect with old friends; and, two I am updated
on the happenings around me.

Through Facebook, I am able to contact my old

friends from other countries and reminisce about
wonderful memories. I am glad to be able to
reconnect with friends even if it’s only through
example/explanation online means. Also, through posts on Facebook, I
learn about the current events in the country- a
fact which has bearing on my role as a citizen on
the nation.

point
Facebook indeed, is useful social media network
site. That is why I love it.
 Every time I see homeless families, it breaks
Opening my heart. That is why I try to do at least
three things to help them.
Rule of 1. First, I feature them in my writings which I submit to editors for
publication. I highlight their sad and bad experiences living in the streets

Three
and their dreams and aspirations in life.
2. Second, I actively participate in organizing and facilitating livelihood
programs for these families.
3. Finally, I join different non- profit organization in campaigns and
awareness activities against poverty.

Clincher These three are my baby steps toward achieving my vision

of helping homeless people and freeing this nation from
the bondage of poverty.
Thisentails building
connection between what
you know and what you
don’t know.
TOPIC You are asked about your reaction on the conflict in Marawi.

Problem You have no idea about the existing conflict in Marawi because you do not follow
it.

Solution Find a way to bridge what you don’t know and what you do know.

Response I would imagine the conflict in Marawi to be like in my own family or a

misunderstanding with my special someone.
 This means rephrasing or redefining the topic into something
that you want to talk about. This usually occurs if you think
the topic is inappropriate or it is not meant for you.
 If you are given a topic that you don’t like or is not right for
you, don’t despair. Simple REFRAME it as a topic you’d like to
respond to. REDEFINE the topic as you believe it should be, or
at least the way you’d like to be. Keep the structure but alter
the subject. Rephrase the question or even challenge it; you
can even argue why the question given is not the right
question at all.
TOPIC You are asked to compare which is more delicious : BIBINGKA or Binungey

Problem You think it is not right for you because you don’t like foods that are too sweet
or full of sugar.

Find a pair of food that you are interested in to compare, such as grilled
Solution Sungayan and Relyenong bangus. Like Bibingka and Binungey, these two are
differ in terms of taste food category.

This question reminds me of my childhood memories during Christmas season

Response however as I grow older caring for my family’s health is my top priority.
 This
refers to you standing on the
opposite side.
TOPIC You are asked whether or not the municipality of Bolinao should allocate a bigger
budget for 4Ps beneficiaries.

PROBLEM You are not in favor about 4Ps but instead establishing livelihood program is
favorable to you such as “daing making”, “binungey cooking”, bangus deboning ,
charcoal making and talaba and sea urchin culturing.

SOLUTION Say NO to 4Ps and YES to livelihood program in Bolinao.

Instead of allocating more money to 4Ps, why not allot it to livelihood program for
RESPONSE the stability of the lives of the people of Bolinao.
 Smile
 Relax by thinking about positive things. Keep telling yourself,
“ I am brilliant speaker. I will nail this presentation.
 Identify your purpose. Is it to inform, to entertain, to
welcome, to congratulate, to apologize or to give a birthday
greetings.
 Think of one big word that can serve as tour main point. If
you think have enough, think the rule of three.
 Start outlining in your head. Focus on what to say first. Be
reminded that your first few words are crucial, so make them
strong and powerful and catchy.
 “To be a Miss Universe is both an honor and responsibility. If I
were to be Miss Universe, I will use ,my voice to influence the
youth and I would raise awareness to certain causes like HIV
awareness that is timely and relevant to my country which is
the Philippines. I want to show the world, the universe rather,
that I am confidently beautiful with a heart. Thank you.”
 When you are called , keep composed. Walk slowly to the lectern or
to the stage.
 Shake hands with the one who introduce you, if necessary.
 As you stand to deliver, establish eye contact, and begin right away
with your opening statements. Part of your opening statement is
your greetings to the audience.
 From your initial idea to the next, use appropriate transitional
devices.
 Observe appropriate and effective nonverbal cues
 Observe time limit. Remember, you barely five minutes to say
something
Say thank you
Return to your place
comfortably.
 An extemporaneous speech is planned and prepared
speech. Unlike memorized or manuscript speech which is
delivered word-for-word, an extemporaneous speech is
delivered with the help of shorts notes and a clear outline.
Most people who speak in public often prefer the
extemporaneous method of delivery. Although it might look
more challenging than the manuscript or more speeches, it
is more spontaneous and personal.
1) Identify the type of extemporaneous question that you have
to answer.
Is it a question of fact?
 This type of question is typically answerable by “YES” or “NO”.
It revolves around whether something is true or not, existent
or not.
Example:
 Is fishing the primary livelihood in Bolinao?
 ◦ Is it a question of value?
 It is centered on whether a topic is good or bad, moral or
immoral, just or unjust?
 Example:
 Is the continued establishment of fish cages in Bolinao a
contributor to the degradation of the town’s rich marine
resources?
  Is it a question of policy?
 It is focused on what policy or rule should be followed?
 Example:
 Should Bolinao enforce laws about the illegal fishing such as
using dynamite and cyanide?
 2. Determine the purposes appropriate to your topic.
 3. Stick to your topic and look at all of the sides and angles of
the problem.
  1. REINFORCE
 Youmay explore other main points, but
always refer back to your thesis. This will
greatly help your audience remember
your message.
 Statethe central idea of your
extemporaneous speech is one
declarative sentence. Keep your sentence
specific. Ask yourself what your audience
to know exactly.
Now that you have clear idea,
you are ready to map out the
supporting points in an
outline.
  In the introduction, make sure you:
 Grab the attention of the audience with a
striking one- liner
 Give a short background by explaining why
they have to listen
 State your thesis
 Develop at least three main points and check each of them
with these questions:
 Does each point have one single idea?
 Does it point reiterate the thesis statement?
 Does it point prepare the discussion of the next main point?
 Make sure that each main point has
enough examples, testimonies,
statistics, or cases. In doing this, you
give the audience new information or
views to learn from.
 Reinforce your introduction by coming up
with a closing attention- getter that is
related to your opening. Connect the
needs and interest of your audience with
the theme of your speech. Restate the
thesis or review your main points.
I. Introduction
A. Opening attention- getter
B. The need to listen
C. Thesis statement

I. Body
A. Main Point 1
1. Sub point 1
 Evidence
 Statistics
1. Sub point 2
 Evidence
 Statistics

A. Main Point 2
1. Sub point 1
 Evidence
 Statistics
1. Sub point 2
 Evidence
 Statistics

I. Conclusion
A. Closing attention- getter
B. Restatement of the thesis or review the main points