*Gas Laws*
Objectives:
Determine the effect of
higher/lower temperature or
pressure and/or volume of gas;
Define Ideal Gas Law and Dalton’s
Gas law;
Connect Ideal Gas Law from their
surroundings.
Physical Characteristics of Gases
Physical Characteristics Typical Units
Volume, V liters (L)
Pressure, P atmosphere
(1 atm = 760mmHg)
Temperature, T Kelvin (K)
Number of atoms or mole (1 mol )
molecules, n
Boyle’s Law
Pressure and volume
are inversely related at
constant temperature.
PV = K
As one goes up, the other
goes down.
P1V1 = P2V2
“Father of Modern Chemistry”
Robert Boyle
Chemist & Natural Philosopher
Listmore, Ireland
January 25, 1627 – December 30, 1690
Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2
Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2
Charles’ Law
Volume of a gas varies
directly with the absolute
temperature at constant
pressure.
V = KT
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
Jacques-Alexandre Charles
Mathematician, Physicist, Inventor
Beaugency, France
November 12, 1746 – April 7, 1823
Charles’ Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2
Charles’ Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2
Avogadro’s Law
At constant temperature
and pressure, the volume of
a gas is directly related to
the number of moles.
V = K n
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2
Amedeo Avogadro
Physicist
Turin, Italy
August 9, 1776 – July 9, 1856
Avogadro’s Law: V1/n1=V2/n2
Gay-Lussac Law
At constant volume,
pressure and absolute
temperature are
directly related.
P=kT
P1 / T1 = P2 / T2
Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac
Experimentalist
Limoges, France
December 6, 1778 – May 9, 1850
What are the things or
person you consider as
ideal?
Ideal Gases
An “ideal” gas exhibits certain theoretical
properties. Specifically, an ideal gas …
• Obeys all of the gas laws under all conditions.
• Does not condense into a liquid when cooled.
• Shows perfectly straight lines when its V and T
& P and T relationships are plotted on a graph.
In reality, there are no gases that fit this
definition perfectly. We assume that gases are
ideal to simplify our calculations.
We have done calculations using several gas
laws (Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, Combined
Gas Law). There is one more to know…
EXAMPLE
A sample of helium
occupies 10L of
space at STP. How
many moles of helium
are present in the
sample?
Required: n
Given: V= 10L
P= 1 atm
T= 273.15K
R= 0.0821atm.L
mol.K
ESA= PV=Nrt
n= PV
RT
= (1atm) (10L)
0.0821atm.L (273.15K)
mol.K
n= 0.45 mol of HE
Dalton’s Law
The total pressure in a container
is the sum of the pressure each
gas would exert if it were alone
in the container.
The total pressure is the sum of
the partial pressures.
PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 ...
(For each gas P = nRT/V) John Dalton
Chemist & Physicist
Eaglesfield, Cumberland, England
September 6, 1766 – July 27, 1844
Dalton’s Law
EXAMPLE
Three gases H2, N2 and
Ar, are mixed in a container
of 500L. The pressure of Ar
is 255 torr; N2 is 228 torr
and H2 is 752 torr.
Calculate the total
pressure in the container.
Required: Total pressure
Given: P1= 255 torr
P2= 228 torr
P3= 752 torr
ESA= Ptotal = P1+P2+P3…
Ptotal = 255 torr +228 torr
+752 torr
Ptotal= 1,235 torr
ACTIVITY
Ideal Gas Law problems:
1. If I have an unknown quantity of gas at
a pressure of 1.2 atm, a volume of 31
liters, and a temperature of 87 °C, how
many moles of gas do I have?
2. If I contain 3 moles of gas in a
container with a volume of
60 liters and a temperature of 400K,
what is the pressure inside the
container?
ACTIVITY
Dalton’s Gas Law problems:
3. A 520-mL sample of oxygen was collected over
water at 21 °C and 800 torr pressure. What
volume will dry oxygen occupy at 21 °C and 800
torr? The vapor pressure of water at 21 °C is 17.5
torr.
4. A container contains three gases, N2, O2, and
Ar, with partial pressure of 23.3kPa, 40.9 kPa,
and 13.7kPa, respectively. What is the total
pressure inside the container?
